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B  I  I 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 

NORTH  CAROLINA 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


10003058487 


From  the  Library  of 
GERTRUDE  WEIL 

1879-1971 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hil 


http://www.archive.org/details/primarygeographyOOfrye 


PRIMARY 


GEOGRAPHY 


BY 


ALEXIS   EVERETT   FRYE 

Former  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Cuba 

AUTHOR    OF    "  CHILD    AND    NATURE,"    "  BROOKS  AND    BROOK    BASINS,"    "  PRIMARY    GEOGRAPHY," 

"COMPLETE    GEOGRAPHY,"    "TEACHERS'    MANUAL    OF    GEOGRAPHY," 

"HOME   AND    SCHOOL   ATLAS,"    ETC. 


BOSTON,   U.S.A.. 

GINN    AND    COMPANY,    PUBLISHERS 

QLl)t  athenaeum  flreBB 


PREFACE. 


Text.  —  Teachers  have  long  been  asking  for  a  text-book  based  on  the  topical  study  of 
the  earth.  This  Geography  treats  the  subject  topically.  It  holds  the  earth  as  a  unit  before 
the  mind,  and  relates  all  study  to  that  unit.  The  memory  is  thus  aided  and  much  time 
is  saved. 

The  underlying  principle  of  this  work  is  comparison.  Glance  at  the  little  maps  on 
pages  29  and  33,  and  this  thought  will  be  made  clear.  Each  part  —  ocean  or  grand  division 
—  is  shown  in  its  relation  to  the  whole  and  to  the  other  parts. 

The  text  on  people  centers  in  child-life,  and  leads  into  the  homes  of  the  races. 

Plants  and  animals  are  studied  in  tbeir  relations  to  climate  and  physical  features. 
Here,  again,  the  earth  is  the  unit  of  study.     Belts  of  heat  are  made  the  basis  of  this  work. 

Every  child  should  know  a  great  deal  about  his  own  state  and  about  his  own  country. 
The  various  editions  of  this  book  present  special  state  texts,  while  the  body  of  the  book 
treats  of  the  leading  industries  of  the  United  States  as  a  whole. 

This  book  is  not  a  condensed  edition  of  the  larger  book  of  the  series.  The  leading 
topics  of  the  science  are  here  clothed  with  stories  of  people,  plants,  animals,  etc. 

Pictures.  —  The  pictures  are  true  to  nature.  With  but  few  exceptions  they  were 
engraved  directly  from  photographs. 

The  pictures  present  typical  forms  that  supplement  the  text. 

Acknowledgments.  —  In  criticism  of  various  parts  of  this  work,  Prof.  W.  M.  Davis,  of 
Harvard  University,  and  Mr.  Justin  H.  Smith,  of  Boston,  have  given  valuable  assistance. 

The  relief  maps  were  modeled  under  the  supervision  of  the  author,  by  Miss  Gertrude 
Beatrice  Wright,  of  the  Normal  Art  School,  Boston. 

The  Author. 

Boston,  May,  1899. 


Copyright,  1894,  by  ALEXIS  E.  FRYE. 


All  rights  reserved. 
811.3 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY. 


Geography      

Hills  and  Valleys    ..... 

Brooks  and  Rivers ;  Slopes 

Kinds  of  Soil  ;  Work  of  Water     . 

Loose  Soil  ;  Rain  in  the  Soil     . 

How  Soil  settles  ;  Work  of  the  Brooks 

Mod  Banks  or  Deltas 

Water  and  Heat;  Forms  of  Water 

Springs  ;  Sources  of  Streams 

Where  Brooks  flow 

Systems  and  Basins 

The  Top  of  a  Ridge  ;  Divides 

How  Slopes  are  worn  . 

Beds  of  Streams 

Valleys  ;  Mountains  ;  Plains 

Shore  Forms        .... 

Work  of  Water  on  Shores 

Points  of  the  Compass 

How  Maps  are  made 

Reading  Maps     .... 


THE  EARTH. 

Form  and  Size  of  the  Earth 
What  a  Hill  is  made  of     . 
What  the  Earth  is  made  of  . 
The  Air  ;  The  Shell  of  Air 
The  Poles ;  The  Equator 


SLOPES  OP  THE  EARTH. 


Page 

1 

2 

2 

3 
3-4 

4 

5 
5-6 

7 

8 


9 

10 

11-14 

15 

.     16 

18 

.     18 

19 


20 
.     21 

21 
.  21 
22-23 


The  World  Ridge 

Andes  Highland         .... 

25 

Rocky  Mountain  Highland 

.     25 

Highland  of  Tibet    .... 

Highland  of  Abyssinia 

.     26 

Slopes  from  World  Ridge 

27 

Desert  of  Sahara  .... 
The  Grand  Divisions  ;  The  Oceans 
Bottom  of  the  Sea  ;  Coral  Islands 


Page 

28. 

28-291 

30 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Surface  of  South  America         .        .        .        .31 

Map  Studies 33 

Amazon  River         .......  33 

Highland  of  Brazil  ......  34 

Pampas 34 

Isthmus  of  Panama   ......  34 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

Surface  of  North  America 

Map  Studies 

The  Rocky  Mountains  . 

Colorado  Canyon 

The  Height  of  Land    . 

The  Mississippi  Basin 

North  of  Height  of  Land  . 

Appalachian  Highland 

Atlantic  Slope 

Pacific  Slope 


35 

37 
37 
38 
38 
39 
40 
40 
40 
40 


ASIA. 

Surface  of  Asia 41 

Map  Studies 43 

Arctic  Slope 43 

Caspian  Basin 43 

Plains  of  China 44 

The  Ganges  Basin 44 


EUROPE. 


Surface  of  Europe 

Map  Studies 

Slopes  from  Swiss  Highland 

Valdai  Hills 

The  Caspian  Sea    . 

British  Isles 


45 
47 
47 
48 
48 
48 


IV 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


AFRICA. 


Surface  of  Africa 
Map  Studies 
The  River  Xile     . 
Oasis  in  the  Desert 
Kongo  Basin  . 


AUSTRALIA. 

Surface  of  Australia 

Map  Studies 

PEOPLE 

Tibbu,  the  Kongo  Boy 
Japan  and  its  People  . 
Malay  or  Brown  People  . 
A  Lapland  Home   . 
Chuglu,  the  Eskimo  Boy  . 
Children  of  Indian  Tribes 
Land  of  the  Arabs   . 
Children  of  the  Lowlands 
Children  of  the  Highlands 
Homes  of  the  Races     . 
Homes  of  the  Nations 
Map  Studies   .... 


HEAT,  WIND  AND  RAIN. 


Home  Lesson  for  a  Hot  Day 

How  the  Air  is  heated 

How  the  Earth  is  heated 

High  and  Low  Land 

The  Seasons         . 

Change  of  Seasons 

A  Sign  of  Spring 

Belts  of  Heat 

The  Trade  Winds 

The  Gulf  Stream 


PLANTS. 

Where  Plants  grow 
Soil,  Water  and  Heat 
Plants  of  the  Hot  Belt 
Plants  of  the  Warm  Belt 
Plants  of  the  Cool  Belt 


Page 
49 
51 
51 
52 
52 


53 
54 


55 

57 
59 
61 
62 
65 
66 
69 
70 
73 
73 
74 


75 

.  75 

75 

.  76 

76 

.  76 

76 

.  77 

78 

.  78 

79 

79 
80 
81 
82 


Plants  of  the  Cold  Belt    . 
Uses  of  Plants  . 

ANIMALS. 

Animals,  —  Their  Teeth,  etc. 
Animals  and  their  Homes 
Animals  of  the  Heat  Belts 
Uses  of  Animals 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Surface  of  the  United  States 

People         ........ 

July  4,  1776 

Map  Studies  of  States  ;  Cities     . 
Cotton  ;  Corn  ;  Wheat        .... 
Forests ;  Cattle       ...... 

Coal  ;  Iron 

Gold  and  Silver  ..... 

Routes  of  Trade      ..... 

New  York  ;  Boston 

New  Orleans  ;  San  Francisco  ;  Philadelphia 
Chicago  ;  St.  Louis 

LEADING  COUNTRIES  OF  WORLD 

The  United  States 

Canada 

Mexico  . 

Brazil 

Argentina     . 

Chile 

British  Isles 

Germany     . 

France  . 

India  . 

China     . 

Japan 

Egypt     . 

Cape  Colony 

Victoria 

New  South  Wales 


Page 

.     82 

82 


83 
83 
84 
85 


.       86 

S7 

.       88 

89 

92-94 

95-96 

97-98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 


104 

104 
104 
106 
106 
106 
10S 
108 
108 
110 
110 
110 
112 
112 
114 
114 


SUPPLEMENT. 

Cuba,  Puerto  Rico,  Hawaii,  Philippines,  Guam     115 
Statistics,  Word  List,  etc i-viii 


INDEX. 


Note.  —  All  figures  refer  to  pages.     Map  pages  are  marked  thus,  25°  ;  picture  pages  are  marked  thus,  17*.     Look  first  for  pages  in  full  face 
type  (26) ;  less  important  pages  are  in  light  face  type  (49).     Sup.  refers  to  Supplement. 


Abyssinia  25°,  26,  49,  60°, 

51°,  113°. 
Adelaide  115°. 
Adriatic  sea  109°. 
Aegean  sea  109°. 
Afghanistan  111°. 
Africa  28°,  49*,  50°,  55*, 

56*    74,    76,   77°,  80, 

81,112,  113°. 
Air  21,  75,  76. 
Alabama  90°,  98. 
Alaska  78,  86,  90°,  105°. 
Albany  90°. 
Albuquerque  90°. 
Aleutian  islands  90°. 
Alexandria  113°. 
Algiers  113°. 
Allegheny  90°,  103. 
Alpaca  76*. 
Alps  45*,  47°,  70*,  71*,  72* 

109°. 
Altai  mts.  42°,  43°. 
Amazon    river    33*°,   80, 

107°. 
America  28°,  41. 
Amsterdam,  109°. 
Amur  river  42°,  43°. 
Anam  111°. 
Andes  mts.  25°,  31*,  32°, 

33°,  76,  107°. 
Animals  83*,  84*,  85*. 
Annapolis  90°. 
Antarctic  circle  28°. 
Antarctic  ocean  28°,  29°. 
Apia  115°. 
Appalachian  36°,  37°,  40, 

87,  90°. 
Arabia  66*,  67*,  68*,  111°. 
Arabian  sea  42°,  43°. 
Arabs  66*,  67*,  68*. 
Aral  sea  111°. 
Archangel  109°. 
Arctic  circle  28°,  105°. 
Arctic  ocean  28°,  29°,  64*. 
Arctic  slope  43*  82. 
Areas ;  see  Sup. 
Argentina  106,  107°. 
Arica  107°. 
Arizona  11*  90°. 
Arkansas  90°. 
Arkansas  river  90°. 
Asia  28°,  41,  42°,  74,  76, 

77°,    78,   80-82,  110, 

111°. 
Asiatic  islands  111°,  116°. 
Asiatic  Russia  111°. 
Asiatic  Turkey  111°. 
Assouan  113°. 
Asuncion  107°. 
Atacama  desert  107°. 
Athabasca  105°. 
Athens  109°. 
Atlanta  90°,  106°. 
Atlantic  ocean  28°,  29°,  78. 


Atlantic  slope  36°,  37°,  40, 

92. 
Atlas  mts.   49*,   60°,  51°, 

113°. 
Auckland  115°. 
Augusta  90°. 
Austin  90°. 
Australia  28°,  29°,  53*,  54°, 

74,  76,  77°,  80,  81. 
Austria-Hungary  109°. 
Axis  of  earth  22. 
Azores  13*. 

Baffin  bay  105°. 

Bahama  islands  105°. 

Bahia  107°. 

Baku  109°. 

Balearic  islands  109°. 

Balkan  mts.  109°. 

Baltic  sea  46°,  47°,  109°. 

Baltimore  90°,  94,  103. 

Baluchistan  111°. 

Bamboo  44. 

Bangkok  111°. 

Bangor  90°. 

Barcelona  109°. 

Batavia  115°. 

Baton  Rouge  90°. 

Batum  109°. 

Bay  15*,  16,  17*. 

Bay  of  Bengal  42°,  43°. 

Bay  of  Biscay  109°. 

Bay  of  Fundy  90°. 

Beds  of  streams  10*. 

Belgium  109°. 

Belgrade  109°. 

Belts  of  heat  75,  77°,  80- 

82,  85. 
Benares  111°. 
Ben-Nevis  47°,  48*   111°. 
Bergen  109°. 
Bering  sea  36°,  90°,  105°. 
Bering  strait  28°,  37°,  90°, 

105°. 
Berlin  109°. 
Bermuda  islands  105°. 
Bern  72°,  109°. 
Birmingham,  Ala.  90°. 
Bismarck  90°. 
Black  race  53,  55*  56*  73°. 
Black  sea  42°,  43°,  45,  46°, 

47°. 
Blue  mts.  53*,  55°,  115°. 
Blue  Nile  113°. 
Bogota  107°. 
Boise  90°. 
Bokhara  111°. 
Bolivia  107°. 
Boma  113°. 
Bombay  110,  111°. 
Bordeaux  109°. 
Borneo  115°. 
Boston  90°,  101*. 
Brazil  100,  107°. 


Brazilian  highland32°,  33°, 

34*. 
Bridgeport  90°. 
Brisbane  115°. 
British  Guiana  107°. 
British  Isles  46°,  47°,  48, 

66,  78, 108,  109°. 
Brooklyn  90°,  103. 
Brooks  2*,  4,  5*,  7*,  8. 
Brown  race  59*,  60*,  73°. 
Brussels  109°. 
Budapest  109°. 
Buenos  Aires  107°. 
Buffalo  90°,  103. 
Bukharest  109°. 
Bulgaria  109°. 
Burlington,  Vt.  90°. 
Burma  111°. 
Butte  90°. 

Cairo  112,  113°. 
Calcutta  110,  111°. 
California  86*,  90°,  96,  99, 

100. 
Callao  107°. 
Camden,  N.  J.  90°. 
Camels  52*,  66*,  68. 
Canada    36°,     90°,     104, 

105°. 
Canals  48,  69*,  70*. 
Canary  islands  113°. 
Candia ;  see  Crete. 
Canton,  China  111°. 
Canyon,  11*  26*  38*. 
Canyon  of  Colo.  11*  38*, 

90°. 
Cape  Breton  105°. 
Cape  Cod  90°. 
Cape  Colony,  112,  113°. 
Cape  Hatteras  90°. 
Cape  Horn  31,  .33°,  87. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  51°, 

52,  113°. 
Cape  Town  52*  112, 113°. 
Caracas  107°. 
Caribbean  sea  105°. 
Caroline  islands  115°. 
Carpathian  ;  see  Kar. 
Carson  city  90°. 
Cascade  10,  12*  21*,  26. 
Cascade  mts.  36°,  37°,  40, 

90°,  105°. 
Caspian  sea  42°,  43°,  40°, 

47°,  48. 
Cataract  10*,  35*. 
Cattle    27*,    38,    39*    44, 

45,  96°. 
Caucasus  mts.  109°. 
Cayenne  107°. 
Celebes  115°. 
Central  America  105°. 
Ceylon  111°. 
Chad ;  see  Tchad. 
Charleston,  S.  C.  90°. 


Charleston,  W.  Va.  90°. 
Charlotte  90°. 
Chattanooga  90°. 
Chesapeake  bay  90°. 
Cheyenne  90°. 
Chicago   90°,    93,   94,    96, 

98,  103*. 
Chile  106,  107°. 
China   44,    58*,    59,    100, 

111°. 
Christiania  109°. 
Cincinnati  90°,  103. 
Cleveland  90°,  103. 
Climate   of  U.  S.   75,    76, 

77°,  78-82,  92,  93,  95  ; 

see  Heat  Belts. 
Coal  97°. 

Coast  range  40,  90°. 
Coffee  34,  60,  68,  106. 
Colombia  107°. 
Colombo  111°. 
Colony  88. 
Colorado  90°,  99. 
Colorado  canyon  11*  38*, 

90°. 
Colorado   river    11*,    36°, 

37°,  38,  90°. 
Colorado  springs  90°. 
Columbia   river    36°,    37°, 

90°,  105°. 
Columbia,  S.  C.  90°. 
Columbus,  Ohio  90°. 
Commerce  ;  see  countries. 
Concord  90°. 
Condor  31*. 
Connecticut  90°. 
Constantinople  45,  109°. 
Continents  28°,  29°. 
Copenhagen  109°. 
Coral  islands  30*. 
Cordoba  107°. 
Corn  39,  93°. 
Corsica  109°. 
Cotton  40*,  92*°. 
Covington  90°. 
Crete  109°. 

Cuba  36°,  78,  105°,  Sup. 
Cuzco  107°. 

Dallas  90°. 

Damascus  1 1 1°. 

Danube  river  46°,  47°,  109°. 

Davenport  90°. 

Dayton  90°. 

Delaware  90°. 

Delaware  bay  90°. 

Delaware  river  90°. 

Delhi  111°. 

Delta  5,  14,  44,  90°. 

Denmark  109°. 

Denver  90°,  103. 

Deserts  ;  see  special  names. 

Des  Moines  90°. 

Detroit  90°,  103. 


Districtof  Columbia  (D.C.) 

90°. 
Divides  8°,  9°,  12. 
Dnieper  river  109°. 
Dover  90°. 
Dublin  109°. 
Dubuque  90°. 
Duluth  90°,  103. 
Dunedin  115°. 
Dutch  Guiana  107°. 
Dwina  river  109°. 

Earth  1,  20-22,  75. 

East  Indies  115°. 

Ecuador  107°. 

Edinburgh  109°. 

Egypt  112,  113°. 

El  Paso  90°. 

England  88,  100,  109° ;  see 

British. 
Equator  23°,  25°,  75,  76, 

113°,  115°. 
Erie  canal  93,  100,  101. 
Eskimo  62*,  6.3*. 
Euphrates  river  111°. 
Europe  28°,   45,   46°,    74, 

76,  77°,  78-82,  108*, 

109°. 
Evansville  90°. 

Falkland  islands  107°. 
Fall  River  90°. 
Fargo  90°. 
Fez  113°. 

Fiji  islands  60,  115°. 
Finland  109°. 
Florida  78,  86,  90°. 
Forests  95°. 
Formosa  111°. 
Forms  of  water  3,  5,  6. 
Fort  Smith  90°. 
Fort  Wayne  90°. 
Fort  Worth  90°. 
France  108,  109°. 
Frankfort  90°. 
Freetown  113°. 
French  Guiana  107°. 
Friendly  islands  115°. 
Frost  6,  9. 

Galapagos  islands  107°. 
Galveston  90°,  103. 
Ganges  river  41*  42°,  43°, 

44*,  111°. 
Genoa  108°. 
Georgetown  107°. 
Georgia  90°. 
Germany  108,  109°. 
Geyser  7*,  8. 
Gibraltar  109°. 
Gilbert  islands  115°. 
Glacier  7*    11*    13*,  45*, 

72*. 
Glasgow  108,  109°. 


VI 


IXDEX. 


Gobi  desert  111°. 
God  88. 

Gold  87,  99°*,  114. 
Golden  Gate  102. 
Gottenborg  109°. 
Government  88. 
Grand  Rapids  90°,  103. 
Great  Basin  35,  36°,  37°, 

95. 

Great  Britain  ;  see  British. 

Great  Lakes  36°,  37°,  38, 

48,  86,  87,  93,  95,  96, 

103,  105°. 

Great  Salt   Lake  35,  36°, 

37°,  90°. 
Greece  109°. 
Greenland    36°,   37°,   62*, 

105°. 
Green  mts.  90°. 
Guayaquil  107°. 
Guiana  107°. 

Guiana  highland  32°,  33°. 
Guinea  113°. 
Gulfs  16. 

Bothnia  109°. 
California  90°,  105°. 
Finland  109°. 
Guayaquil  107°. 
Guinea  113°. 
Mexico  28°,  37°,  90°. 
St.  Lawrence  105°. 
Gulf  stream  78. 
Guthrie  90°. 

Haiti  105°. 
Halifax  105°. 
Hamburg  108,  109°. 
Hammerfest  62*. 
Harrisburg  90°. 
Havana  105° ;  Sup. 
Hawaiian     islands     115°; 

Sup. 
Heat  belts  75,  77°,  80-82, 

85. 
Heating  earth  75. 
Height  of  Land  36°,  37°,  38. 
Helena  90°. 
Hemispheres  28°. 
Highland    of    Brazil    32°, 

33°,  34*. 
Himalaya   mts.    41*,   42°, 

43°,  44,  111°. 
Hindu  Kush  mts.  111°. 
Hindustan  111°. 
Hoangho;  see  Yellow  river. 
Hobart  115°. 
Holland  14*  69*,  70,  108*, 

109°. 
Hongkong  111°. 
Honolulu  115°;  Sup. 
Hot  springs  7*  8,  53*. 
Hottentots  56*. 
Houston  90°. 

Hudson  bay  37°,  40,  106°. 
Hudson  river  90°. 
Hue  111°. 
Hungary  109°. 

Iceland  36°,  37°,  105°. 
Idaho  14*,  90°. 
Illinois  90°,  97. 
India  110,  111°. 
Indiana  90°. 


Indianapolis  90°,  103. 
Lidian  ocean  28°,  29°. 
Indians  27*    65*,  66,  73°, 

87,  93,  95. 
Indian  Territory  90°. 
Indus  river  42°,  43°. 
Iowa  90°,  96. 
Ireland,  108,  109°. 
Irkutsk  111°. 
Iron  98°. 
Isthmus    of   Panama  32°, 

33°,  34*,  87,  105°. 
Isthmus  of  Suez  42°,  43°, 

66*. 
Italy  109°. 

Jackson,  Miss.  90°. 
Jacksonville  90°. 
Jamaica  105°. 
James  river  90°. 
Japan  57*,  58*   59,  111°. 
Japan  current  78. 
Java  59*,  60*,  100,  116°. 
Jefferson,  City  90°. 
Jersey  City  90°,  101. 
Jerusalem  111°. 
Johannesburg  113°. 

Kabul  111°. 

Kaffirs  56*. 

Kalahari  113°. 

Kamchatka  111°. 

Kansas  90°. 

Kansas  City  90°,  96,  103. 

Karpathian  109°. 

Kenia  113°. 

Kentucky  90°. 

Key  West  90°. 

Kilauea  115 ;  Sup. 

Kilimanjaro  26*,  113°. 

Kimberly  113°. 

Knoxville  90°. 

Kongo   river  49,  50°,   51, 

52,  55,  80,  81,  113°. 
Kongo  state  52,  113°. 
Korea  111°. 
Kuenlun  mts.  111°. 
Kyoto  111°. 

Labrador  105°. 
La  Crosse  90°. 
Lakes  2,  6*,  7*. 

Athabasca  105°. 

Baikal  111°. 

Champlain  90°. 

Erie  90°,  101,  105°. 

George  90°. 

Great  Bear  105°. 

Great  Salt  90°. 

Great  Slave  106°. 

Huron  90°,  105°. 

Ladoga  109°. 

Michigan  90°,  105°. 

Nicaragua  105°. 

Ontario  90°,  105°. 

Superior  90°,  105°. 

Tanganyika  113°. 

Tchad,  113°. 

Titicaca  31,  107°. 

Victoria  113°. 

Winnipeg  105°. 
Lansing  90°. 
La  Paz  107°. 


Lapland  61*,  62,  109°, 
Laramie  90°. 
Lassa  111°. 
Las  Vegas  90°. 
Lava  12,  13*   14*. 
Leadville  90°. 
Leavenworth  90°. 
Lena  river  111°. 
Liberia  113°. 
Lima  107°. 
Lincoln  90°. 
Lisbon  109°. 
Little  Rock  90°. 
Liverpool  108,  109°. 
Llanos  32°,  33°,  34. 
London  108,  109°. 
Long  Island  90°. 
Los  Angeles  90°. 
Louisiana  90°. 
Louisville  90°,  103. 
Lowell  90°. 
Lower  California  90°. 
Lyon  108,  109°. 

Mackenzie  river  36°,  37°, 

105°. 
Madagascar  113°. 
Madeira     river    32°,    33°, 

107°. 
Madison  90°. 
Madras  101°. 
Madrid  109°. 
Magdalena  river  107°. 
Magellan  strait  107°. 
Magnetic  pole  105°. 
Maine  86*,  90°,  95. 
Malaga  109°. 
Malakka  strait  115°. 
Malay  peninsula  111°. 
Malay  race  59*,  60*,  73°. 
Man ;  see  People. 
Manchester,  Eng.  109°. 
Manchester,  N.  H.  90°. 
Manchuria  111°. 
Manila  111°;  Sup. 
Map  drawing  18,  19° ;  Sup. 

II-V. 
Marseille  109°. 
Marshall  islands  116°. 
Marthas  Vineyard  90°. 
Maryland  90°. 
Maskat  111°. 
Massachusetts  35*,  90°. 
Mauna  Loa  115°. 
Mekka  111°. 
Mediterranean  28°,  46°,  47°, 

81,  109°. 
Mekong  river  111°. 
Melbourne  114,  115°. 
Memphis  90°,  103. 
Mesa  13*. 

Mexico,  city  104,  105°. 
Mexico,  country  35,  37°*, 

49,  104,  105°. 
Michigan  90°,  98. 
Milwaukee  90°,  103. 
Minneapolis  90°,  94,  103. 
Minnesota  90°. 
Mississippi  90°. 
Mississippi    river   8°,    36°, 

37°,  39,  52,  87,  88,  90°, 

96,  102,  105°. 
Missouri  90°. 


Missouri  river  36°,  37°  39, 

90°,  105°. 
Mobile  90°. 
Mocha  111°. 
Modeling;  Sup.  IL 
Mohawk  river  90°. 
Mongolia  111°. 
Monrovia  113°. 
Montana  90°,  99. 
Montenegro  109°. 
Montevideo  107°. 
Montgomery  90°. 
Montpelier  90°. 
Montreal  90°,  104,  105°. 
Moon  20*. 
Morocco  113°. 
Moscow  109°. 
Mountains  2*,  6*,  9°,  11*, 

12*,  13*  26*,  31*,  35*, 

41*  45*  47*, 48*  71*, 

72*   76*. 
Mt.  Blanc  47°. 
Mt.  Etna  109°. 
Mt.  Everest  41,  111°. 
Mt.  Hekla  109°. 
Mt.  Hood  90°. 
Mt.  Kenia  113°. 
Mt.  Kilimanjaro  26*,  60°, 

113°. 
Mt.  Logan  90°. 
Mt.  Rainier  90°. 
Mt.  Shasta  90°. 
Mt.  St.  Elias  90°. 
Munich  109°. 
Murray  river  53,  64°,  115°. 

Nanling  mts.  111°. 

Nantucket  90°. 

Naples  45*,  109°. 

Nashville  90°. 

Nassau ;  Sup. 

Nebraska  90°. 

Negro  race  52,  55,  56,  73°, 

112*. 
Negro  river  107°. 
Nelson  river  36°,  37°,  105°. 
Netherlands ;  see  Holland. 
Nevada  90°. 
Newark  90°,  103. 
New  England  90°. 
Newfoundland  105°. 
New  Guinea  54°,  116°. 
New  Hampshire  90°. 
New  Haven  90°. 
New  Jersey  90°. 
New  Mexico  90°. 
New  Orleans  90°,  92, 102*, 

105°. 
Newport,  R.  I.  90°. 
New  South  Wales  114, 115°. 
New  York,  city  19°,  66,  90°, 

94,  101*. 
New  York,  state  90°,  96,  98. 
New  Zealand  53*,  116°. 
Niagara  falls  10*,  35*,  39*, 

90°. 
Niger  river  50°,  51°,  113°. 
Nile  river  49*,  60°,  51,  52*, 

77,  80,  113°. 
Norfolk  90°. 
North   America   28°,   29°, 

35,74,76,  77°,  78,  80- 

82,  105°. 


North  cape  109°. 
North  Carolina  90°. 
North  Dakota  14*,  90°. 
Norway  109°. 
Nova  S'cotia  90°,  105°. 

Oakland  90°. 

Oasis  52*. 

Ob  river  42°,  43°,  111°. 

Ocean  currents  78. 

Oceans  2*,  5,  6*  20*,  28°, 

29°. 
Odessa  109°. 
Ogden  90. 
Ohio  90°,  96,  97. 
Ohio  river  36°,  37°,  87,  90°, 

105°. 
Okhotsk  sea  111°. 
Oklahoma  90°. 
Omaha  90°,  103. 
Oporto  109°. 
Orange  river  113°. 
Oregon  90°. 
Organ  mts.  32°,  33°. 
Orinoco  river  32°,  33°,  34, 

117°. 
Ottawa  90°,  105°. 
Ozark  mts.  90°. 

Pacific  islands  80,  115°. 

Pacific  ocean  25°,  28°,  29°, 
78*. 

Pacific  slope  36°,  37°,  95. 

Pamir  111°. 

Pampas  34*,  118. 

Panama  31,  33°,  34*,  117°. 

Papua  ;  see  New  Guinea. 

Para  107°. 

Paraguay  107°. 

Paramaribo  107°. 

Parana  river  32°,  33°,  107°. 

Paris  108,  109°. 

Pass  11*,  12,  13*. 

Patagonia  107°. 

Paterson  90°. 

Peaks  2*.  9°,  11*  12*,  13* 
26*,  31*,  35*  41*,  45*, 
47*,  48«,  71*  72*. 

Peking  111°. 

Pennsylvania  90°,  97,  98. 

Pensacola  90°. 

People  1*,  23*,  27*,  34*, 
37*,  41*  44*  48*, 
52*  55*,  56*,  57*, 
58*,  59*,  60*,  61*, 
62*,  63*  64*,  65*, 
66*  67*,  68*,  69*, 
70*,  71*,  72*,  73°, 
74.  87°,  88,  104, 
106*,  108*,  110*, 
112*,   114*. 

People  in  U.  S.  87s,  88. 

Peoria  90°. 

Pernambuco  107°. 

Persia  111°. 

Persian  gulf  111°. 

Peru  107°. 

Phcenix  90°. 

Philadelphia  86,  90°,  102, 
105°. 

Philippine  islands  111° ;  see 
Sup. 

Pierre  90°. 


INDEX. 


Vll 


Pikes  peak  38,  90°. 
Pittsburg  90°,  98,  103. 
Plains  9,  14*,  27*. 
Plant  belts  77°,  80*,  81*, 

82*. 
Plants  79*  80*,  81*,  82*. 
Plata  river  32°,  34,  107. 
Plateau  11*,  12,  14*,  76. 
Pnum  Penh  111°. 
Points  of  compass  18*. 
Poles  22,  23°,  28°,  29°. 
Population  ;  see  Sup. 
Po  river  109°. 
Portland,  Ore.  90°. 
Porto  Rico  105°;  see  Sup- 
plement. 
Port  Said  113°. 
Portsmouth  90°. 
Portugal  109°. 
Potomac  river  90°. 
Potosi  107°. 
Prairies  30°,  37°,  39*,  40, 

82,  93,  95,  96. 
Prescott  90°. 
Pretoria  113°. 
Pribilof  islands  90°. 
Primary  highland  24°. 
Production  maps. 

Cattle  96°. 

Coal  97°. 

Corn  93°. 

Cotton  92°. 

Forests  95°. 

Gold  99°. 

Iron  98°. 

Silver  99°. 

Wheat  94°. 
Providence  90°,  103. 
Pueblo  90°. 

Pyramids  49*,  52*,  113°. 
Pyrenees  109°. 

Quebec  90°,  105°. 
Queensland  115°. 
Quincy,  111.  90°. 
Quito  107°. 

Races  of  men  ;  see  People. 
Railroads  100. 
Rain  3*,  4,  6,  75. 
Raleigh  90°. 
Range  12,  13*. 
Rangoon  111°. 
Rapids  2*  4,  5*. 
Red  race  65*,  66,  73°. 
Red  sea  42°,  43°,  111°. 
Reefs  30,  115°. 
Relief  maps  19. 

Africa  50°,  51°. 

Asia  42°,  43°. 

Australia  55°. 

Europe  46°,  47. 

Heat  Belts  77°. 

North  America  36°,  37°. 

Races  of  men  72°. 


South  America  32°,  33°. 
United  States  91°. 
World  ridge  24°. 

Rhine  14*,  45*,  47°. 

Rhode  Island  90°. 

Richmond  90°,  103. 

Riga  109°. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  31*   107°. 

Rio  Grande  36°,  37°,  90°, 
105°. 

Rivers  2*,  3*,  7*,  14*. 

Rochester  90°,  103. 

Rocky  mts.  12*,  25°,  26*, 
27,  35*,  36°,  37°,  87, 
90°,  99,  105°. 

Rome  109°. 

Roumania  109°. 

Roumelia  109°. 

Routes  of  trade  100. 

Russia  48,  104,  109°,  111°. 

Russian  Empire  ;  see  Rus- 
sia. 

Sacramento  90°. 

Saginaw  90°. 

Sahara  desert  28°,  49*,  50, 
51°,  52*   113°. 

Saigon  111°. 

St.  Augustine  90°. 

St.  Helena  113°. 

St.  Johns    105°. 

St.  Joseph  90°. 

St.  Lawrence  river  36°,  37°, 
38,  90°,  105°. 

St.  Louis  90°,  103. 

St.  Paul  90°,  103. 

St.  Petersburg  109°. 

Salem,  Ore.  90°. 

Salt  Lake  City  90°. 

Samoa  115°. 

San  Antonio  90°. 

San  Diego  90°. 

Sandwich  islands ;  see  Ha- 
waiian. 

San  Francisco  86*,  90°,  94, 
102. 

San  Francisco  river  107°. 

San  Jose  90°. 

San  Juan  ;  see  Sup. 

Santa  Barbara  islands  90. 

Santa  Fe  90°. 

Santiago,  Chile  107°. 

Santiago,  Cuba,  105°;  see 
Sup. 

Santo  Domingo  105°. 

Sardinia  109°. 

Savannah  90°,  103. 

Scotland  108,  109°. 

Scranton  90°. 

Sea  bottom  30. 

Sea  of  Azof  109°. 

Seasons  76,  77,  80-82. 

Seattle  90°. 

Seine  river  109°. 

Selvas  25°,  27*. 


Seoul  111°. 

Servia  109°. 

Shanghai  111°. 

Shetland  islands  109°. 

Shore  forms  15*,  16,  17*. 

Shreveport  90°. 

Siam  111°. 

Siberia  111°. 

Sicily  109°. 

Sierra  Leone  113°. 

Sierra  Nevada  36°,  37°,  40, 

99,  105°. 
Silkworms  58. 
Silver  25,  87,  99°. 
Singapore  111°. 
Sioux  City  90°. 
Sioux  Falls  90°. 
Sitka  90°,  105°. 
Slopes  2*,  8°,  9°,  24,  27. 
Smyrna  111°. 
Soil  3-5,  21*  79. 
Solomon  islands  115°. 
South  African    Rep.;    see 

Transvaal. 
South  America  28°,  29°,  74, 

76,    77°,    78-82,    106, 

107°. 
South  Australia  115°. 
South  Carolina  90°. 
South  Dakota  90°. 
Southern   plains  36°,  37°, 

40,  92°,  100. 
Spain  109°. 
Sphinx  49*. 
Spices  80*. 
Spokane  90°. 
Springfield,  111.  90°. 
Springfield,  Mass.  90°. 
Springs  7*. 

Steppes  42°,  43°,  111°. 
Stockholm  109°. 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  47*109°. 
Strait  of  Magellan  107°. 
Strassburg  76*,  77. 
Sturgeon  48. 
Sucre  107°. 
Sudan  113°. 

Suez  canal  51*,  66,  113°. 
Sumatra  115°. 
Sun  75. 
Sweden  109°. 
Swiss    highland  45,   47°, 

70*,  71*,  72*. 
Switzerland  70*,  71*,  72*, 

109°. 
Sydney  115°. 
Syracuse  90°. 

Tabriz  111°. 
Tacoma  90°. 
Tahlequah  90°. 
Tallahassee  90. 
Tashkend  111°. 
Tasmania  115°. 
Tchad  113°. 


Tea  44*,  110. 
Teheran  111°. 
Tennessee  90°. 
Terre  Haute  90°. 
Texas  90°,  96. 
The  Hague  109°. 
Thianshan  mts.  111°. 
Tibet  25°,  26*,  41,  42°,  43°, 

44,  111°. 
Tide  15*. 
Tientsin  111°. 
Tiflis  111°. 
Tigris  river  111°. 
Timbuktu  113°. 
Titicaca  lake  31,  33°,  107°. 
Tokyo  111°. 
Toledo  90°. 
Topeka  90°. 
Toronto  90°. 
Trade  winds  78. 
Transvaal  113°. 
Trenton  90°. 
Triest  109°. 
Tripoli  113°. 

Tropics  28°,  89° ;  Sup.  III. 
Tucson  90°. 

Tundras  25°,  27,  41*  43°. 
Tunis  113°. 
Turkey  109°,  111°. 
Turkestan  111°. 

United  States  1,  25,  37-40, 
86,  87°,  88,  90°,  91°, 
92°,  93°,  94°,  95°,  96°, 
97°,  98°,  99°,  101-103, 
104,105°. 

Areas ;  Sup.  III. 

Cities  91. 

Climate  75,  76,  77°,  78- 
82,  86,  92,  93,  95. 

Commerce  92-100. 

Government  88. 

Indians  65*,  66,  88. 

Negroes  56,  88. 

People  87°,  88,  104. 

Population;  see  Sup. 

Products  92°,   93°,   94°, 
95°,  96°,  97°,  98°,  99°. 

Relief  map  36°,  91°. 

Seacoast  36°,  86, 90°,  91°. 

States  89,  90°. 

Surface  25,  26*,  35,  36°, 
37,  38*,  39*,  40*,  86, 
91°. 
Ural  mts.  109°,  111°. 
Uruguay  107°. 
Utah  90°. 

Valdai  hills  46°,  47°,  48, 

109°. 
Valleys  2*,  9*,  11*,  21*. 
Valparaiso  107°. 
Vancouver  90°,  105°. 
Vapor  5,  6. 
Venezuela  107°. 


Venice  109°. 
Vera  Cruz  105°. 
Vermont  90°. 
Vicksburg  90°. 
Victoria,  Aus.  116°. 
Victoria,  B.  C.  90°. 
Victoria    lake  or  Nyanza 

113°. 
Vienna  109°. 
Virginia  90°. 
Vladivostok  111°. 
Volcano  12,  13*,  31. 
Volga   river  46°,  47°,  48, 

109°. 

Wales  108,  109°. 
Warsaw  109°. 
Washington,  city  88,  90°, 

105°. 
Washington,  state  90°. 
Water  3-5,  21,  79. 
Waterfalls  10*,  11*,  12*. 
Wellington  115°. 
Western  Australia  116°. 
Western    plains  27*,   36", 

37°,  95,  96*. 
West  Indies  78,  105";  see 

Sup. 
West  Virginia  90°. 
Wheat  39*  94°. 
Wheeling  90°. 
White  mts.  90°. 
White  race  66*,  67*,  68*, 

69*,  70*,  71*,  72*,  73°, 

87°,  88. 
White  sea  109°. 
Wichita  90°. 

Wilmington,  Del.  90",  103. 
Wilmington,  N.  C.  90°. 
Winds  75,  78. 
Winnipeg  90°,  lOS". 
Wisconsin  90°. 
Worcester  90°. 
Work  of  water  16,  17*. 
World   ridge  24°,  25°,  27, 

52. 
Wyoming  90°. 

Yangtze    river    42*,    43°, 

111°. 
Yarkhand  111°. 
Yellow  race  57*,  58*    59, 

61*,  62*,  63*,  64*,  73°. 
Yellow  river  111°. 
Yellowstone  park  11*,  90°. 
Yenisei  river  42°,  43°,  111°. 
Yokohama  110,  111°. 
Yosemite  valley  11*. 
Yucatan  107°. 
Yukon  river  35,  36°,  37°, 

90°,  104,  105°. 

Zambezi  river  50°,  51°,  113°. 
Zanzibar  113°. 
Zones;  Sup.  III. 


This  book  tells  a  story  about  the  earth, 
—  the  great  ball  of  land  and  water  on 
which  we  live. 

After  studying  that  part  of  the  earth  which 
is  near  our  school,  we  shall  visit  the  homes  of 
girls  and  boys  in  other  lands. 

We  shall  see  little  yellow  people  feeding  silk- 
worms and  picking  leaves  from  tea  plants. 

The  Arab  boy  will  show  us  his  father's  camels 
and  horses,  and  will  tell  us  about  the  great  desert 
that  spreads  round  his  home. 

In  the  land  of  the  brown  people  we  shall  find 
groves  of  spice,  and  shall  see  the  brown  girls 
weaving  pretty  baskets. 

The  Eskimo  boy  will  show  us  how  to  crawl 
into  his  snow  hut,  and  will  tell  us  how  his  father 
hunts  the  seal  for  food  and  clothing. 


In  the  land  of  the  Lapps, 
swift  reindeer  will  drag  us  on 
sleds  over  wide  fields  of  snow 
and  ice.     We  ma}r  also  peep 
into  tall  straw  huts,  and  see 
the  black  people  in  their  far-off  home. 

Would  you  not  like  to  sail  or  paddle  along  the 
canals  of  Holland,  past  quaint  houses  and  bridges  ? 

In  the  United  States,  our  own  country,  we 
shall  pass  by  acres  and  acres  of  waving  grain  and 
wide  fields  hidden  with  white  cotton. 

We  shall  climb  high  mountains  whose  tops  are 
buried  in  ice  and  snow. 

Every  day  of  our  journey  will  bring  new  sights 
and  tell  new  stories  of  the  beautiful  earth  on 
which  we  live. 

A  story  of  the  earth  and  its  people  is  called 
Geography. 


HILLS    AND     VALLEYS. 


2.    Hills  and  Valleys. 

Is  there  any  level  land  near  your 
school  ?     Where  ? 

Is  it  exactly  level  ?  Does  any  water 
flow  across  it  ?  Where  have  you  seen  a 
hill?     Where  have  you  seen  a  valley? 

Find  pictures  of  two  hills  and  two 
valleys  in  this  book. 

How  does 
a  hill  differ 
from  a  val- 
ley? 


Find  the  swiftest  part  of  the  stream.  Can  you 
tell  why  the  water  flows  swiftly  in  the  rapids? 

Why  does  the  river  flow  smoothly  under  the 
bridge  ? 

Why  do  the  brooks  spread  over  the  meadow  and 
make  a  pond? 

Find  two  pictures  of  rivers.  How  does  a  brook 
differ  from  a  river  ? 


4.    Slopes. 


The  side 


From   Source   to   Mouth. 

3.     Brooks  and  Rivers. 

How  many  brooks  can  you  see  in  the  picture  ? 
Where  does  the  water  in  the  brooks  come  from  ? 


Any  land  that  slants  is  a  slope. 
of  a  hill,  or  of  a  valley,  is  a  slope. 

Some    slopes    are    gentle,    and    others   are 
steep.     Where  have  you  seen  a  gentle  slope  ? 
Is  there  a  steep  slope  near  your  school  ? 
Most  brooks  that  flow  among  hills  are 
very  swift.     Can  you  tell  Avhy  ? 

Look  at  the  meadow  near  the  pond  in 
the  picture.  Do  you  think  that  this 
meadow  is   just  level? 

Why  does  not  the  pond  spread  out 
farther  ? 

When  a  brook  runs  into  a  small  hollow, 
it  makes  a  pond.  Rivers  often  flow  into 
large  hollows,  and  make  lakes. 

If  all  the  land  were  level,  there  would 
be  no  hills  nor  valleys,  no  ponds  nor  lakes, 
no  brooks  nor  rivers. 
Find   three    pictures  of    steep    slopes,  and 
three  pictures  of  gentle  slopes. 


KINDS    OF    SOIL. 


5.     Kinds  of  Soil. 

Which  is  the  finer,  loam  or  sand  ?     Loam  or  clay  ? 

Pour  some  water  on  loam,  on  sand  and  on  clay.1 
Into  which  does  the  water  sink  most  quickly  ? 

Which  dries  soonest,  the  loam,  the  sand  or  the 
clay? 

What  becomes  of  plants  that  die,  and  of  leaves 
that  fall  ? 

Find  as  many  kinds  of  soil  as  you  can.  Put  each 
kind  by  itself  in  a  bottle. 

What  kind  of  soil  covers  the  fields 
or  yards  near  your  school  ? 

Can  you  find  out  what  is  under  the 
soil? 

6.    Work  of  Water.2 

How  hard  it  rains! 

The  river  is  swift  and  muddy. 
"Where  does  the  muddy  water 
come  from  ? 

Let  us  go  out  on  the  side  of 
the  hill.  Can  you  see  the  tiny 
streams  or  rills  which  the  rain 
makes  ?  Look  closely !  They  are 
very  small. 

Many  of  the  rills  are  muddy. 
These  are  washing  away  the 
finest  soil.  Watch  the  rills  that 
are  rolling  sand  down  the  steep 
places. 

The  rills  cannot  carry  sand  very 
far.  They  must  leave  it  in  the 
hollows  and  on  the  level  places. 
•Can  you  tell  why  ? 

What  will  become  of  the  fine  soil  that 
makes  the  rills  muddy?  The  little  streams 
will  carry  some  of  it  down  to  the  river. 

1  A  small  box  of  each  will  answer  for  the  entire  class. 

12  Weather  Record.  —  In  a  notebook  keep  a  daily 
Tecord  of  the  weather.  In  the  afternoon  write  whether  the 
day  has  been  hot,  warm,  cool  or  cold;  clear,  cloudy,  rainy  or 
snowy;  calm  or  windy.     Be  sure  to  write  the  date. 

This  record  will  show  you  how  to  keep  yours. 

Dec.  6     ....  warm  rainy  windy 

7     ....  cold  clear  windy 


The  balloon  shown  in  the  picture  is  floating 
in  the  clear  air,  far  above  the  clouds. 

7.     Loose   Soil.3 

Pour  some  water  on  hard  ground.  Wait  two 
minutes,  then  dig  and  see  how  far  the  water  has 
settled. 

Loosen  a  little  patch  of  ground  with  a  spade,  and 
pour  on  some  water.  After  two  minutes,  find  out 
how  far  it  has  gone  into  the  soil. 


Rainstorm. 


Farmers  plow  in  order  to  turn  up  fresh  soil,  and  to 
loosen  it,  so  that  the  rain  can  easily  sink  down. 
Do  you  know  what  frost  does  to  the  soil  ? 


Dee.  8 
9 


....  cool 
....  cool 


clear 
rainy 


calm 
windy 


Keep  the  record  every  school  day  for  a  year.  Perhaps 
you  can  also  take  notes  for  holidays.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  you  can  count  and  find  out  which  month  has  had  the 
greatest  number  of  warm  days,  rainy  days,  etc. 

8  Home  work  for  pupils  who  wish  to  try  the  exper- 
iment. 


RAIN    IN    THE    SOEL. 


40.  water  sinks 
ground. 


8. 
Rain  in  the  Soil. 

When  it  rains,  some 
into  the 
It     mois- 
tens the  soil  around 
seeds.     At  the  right  season  they  sprout 
and  grow  through  the  soil. 

The  rain  flows  among  grass  roots,  and 
little  blades  shoot  up,  making  the  fields 
green. 


is 


;s\ 


Indian  Corn. 


The  water  is 
taken  into  the  roots  of  trees.  It  rises  to  the 
sleeping  buds,  and  pretty  leaflets  unfold. 

Now  the  blossoms  hang  in  clouds,  and  later 
they  fall  like  snow.  Grain  sprouts,  grows  up 
and  waves  in  the  fields. 

At  length  the  boughs  bend  low  with  fruit. 
Sheaves    of  wheat  dot    the    fields,  and 
ears  of  corn  ripen  in  the  sun. 


Apple  Blossoms. 


long 


All  the  time  the  plants  are  growing,  water 
in  the  soil  helps  to  feed  them. 

Have  you  ever  seen  worms  crawling  out  of 
the  ground? 

Worms  grind  leaves,  and  mix  them  with 
soil.  They  bring  rich  earth  to  the  surface, 
and  make  little  mounds  of  it. 


Have  you  ever  watched  ants  building  their 
hills?  Do  }"ou  know  of  any  place  where  ants 
are  at  work  near  your  school  ?  Where  do 
they  get  fine  earth  for  their  hills  ? 

Mounds  made  by  worms  and  ants  are  often 
dotted  over  the  fields. 
Raindrops  spread  these 
mounds,  and  carry  some 
of  the  rich  soil  down 
again  to  the  roots  and 

Seeds.  Growing  Pumpkins. 

9.    How  Soil  Settles. 

Mix  fine  soil  in  one  glass  of  water,  and  coarse  sand 
in  another.  Let  the  water  stand  for  a  while,  and  see 
what  takes  place. 

Which  settles  first,  the  soil  or  the  sand  ? 

Mix  fine  loam  and  coarse  sand  in  a  glass  of  water, 
and  let  it  stand.  Which  settles  on  the  other,  the 
loam  or  the  sand  ? 


■■')■-■■  ■ 


10.    Work  of  the  Brooks. 

What  is  the  swift  part  of  a  brook 
called?     Can  you  tell  why  ? 

Below  the  rajnds  there  is  a  small 

pond.     This  pond  is  only  a  wide  place 

in  the  brook.     Rain  has  been  falling, 

and  the  brook  is  muddy.     It  has  a 

load  of  fine  soil  which  the  rills  have  brought 

from  the  slopes. 


MUD   BANKS   OR   DELTAS. 


Let  us  throw  two  or  three  pailfuls  of  gravel 
into  the  rapids.     See  what  takes  place. 

The  pebbles  sink  in  the  rapids,  where 
the  water  is  swift.  Some  are  rolling  down 
the  slope  under  the  water.  Can  you  tell 
what  moves  them? 

Here  is  the  sand  below  the  rapids. 
Watch  it  spreading  on  the  bottom.  It 
looks  like  a  great  leaf.  Why  does 
the  sand  settle  here?  Why  did  it 
not  settle  in  the  rapids? 

Look  into  the 
pond  where  the 
water  is  still.  The 
muddy  water  is 
flowing  into  it. 
Let  us  wait  a  lit- 
tle while  and  find 
out  where  the  fine 
soil  goes. 

The  part  of  the 
brook  that  flows 
out  of  the  pond  is 
not  muddy.  It  has 
left  the  fine  soil 
under  the  still 
water. 

If  there  were  no 
pond,  what  would 
become  of  the 
muddy  water? 

11.    Mud  Banks  or  Deltas. 

Look  once  more  at  the  mud  on  the  bottom 
of  the  pond. 

When  it  rains  again,  more  soil  will  be 
brought  down  by  the  rills  and  brook.  In 
time  a  little  mud  bank  will  form  near  the 
place  where  the  brook  flows  into  the  pond. 

When  the  water  is  low  the  mud  will  stand 
above  it. 


Brook. 


After  a  long  time  the  soil  may  fill  the 
whole  pond,  except  where  the  brook  keeps  a 
path  or  channel  open.  As  the  new  bank  of 
soil  grows,  grass  and  flowers  will  cover  it,  and 
make  it  look  like  other  parts  of  the  field. 

Thus,  water  wears 
down  the  high  land 
and  so  makes  the 
slopes  more  even. 

Mud  banks  that 
form  where  streams 
flow  into  still  water 
are  called  deltas.  A 
delta  cannot  form 
in  water  that  moves 
swiftly.  The  soil 
is  swept  away  and 
cannot  settle. 

Most  of  the  rivers 
in  the  world  flow 
into  a  great  body  of  salt  water, 
called  the  ocean  or  the  sea.  Rivers 
make  many  deltas  on  the  shores  of 
the  ocean.  Some  deltas  are  so 
large  that  cities  are  built  on  them. 
Let  us  next  find  out  where  the 
water  in  brooks  and  rivers  comes 
from. 

12.    Water  and  Heat. 

Put  a  few  drops  of  water  into  a  tin 
cup,  and  heat  it.     Where  does  the  water  go  ? 

The  water  in  the  cup  changes  into  vapor.  We 
cannot  see  the  vapor,  but  it  is  floating  in  the  air. 

Heat  a  small  bottle  of  water  over  a  lamp.  What 
takes  place  inside  the  bottle  ?  What  comes  from  the 
bottle  ? 

Hold  a  piece  of  cold  glass  in  the  cloud  that  you  can 
see  coming  from  the  bottle.  Of  what  is  the  cloud 
made  ? 

Breathe  against  a  cold  window.  What  is  in  the 
breath  ? 

Have  you  ever  seen  your  breath?  Was  it  on  a 
cold  day  or  on  a  warm  one  ? 


FORMS    OF    WATER. 


Put  a  little  water  into  a  shallow  basin,  and  let  it 
stand  in  the  sun.  Where  does  the  water  go  ?  Into 
what  does  it  change  ? 

What  makes  the  little  cloud  that  comes  from  the 
kettle  in  the  picture  ? 

13.     Forms  of  Water. 

When  we  put  water  into  a  shallow  basin, 
and   let   it   stand   in   the   sun,  the   water 
slowly  changes  into  vapor,  and  floats  away 
in  the  air.  v 

We  cannot  see  vapor.  The  kettle 
in  the  picture  is  sending  out  vapor 
which  chang-es  into  a  little  cloud.  The 
vapor  is  in  the  clear  space  near  the 
mouth  of  the  kettle. 

Vapor  rises  from  ponds,  lakes, 
brooks  and  rivers,  but  most  of  it 
comes  from  the  sea. 

When  the  air  is  cooled  enough; 
some  of  the  vapor  in  it  changes 


Have  you  ever  seen  any  hail  ?  Did  it  look 
like  frozen  rain  ? 

When  the  air  is  very  cold  a  part  of  the 
vapor  in  it  sometimes  freezes  into  crystals  or 
flakes  of  snoio.  If  you  will  catch  some  snow- 
flakes  on  a  piece  of  black  cloth,  you  will  find 
that  they  have  very  pretty  shapes. 


into  large  clouds,  such  as  we  often  see  floating 
above  us. 

Were  you  ever  in  a  fog  ?  Did  it  look  like 
■water  dust  ?     Fog  is  a  cloud  near  the  earth. 

When  enough  vapor  has  changed  into  cloud, 
some  of  the  particles  of  water  fall  through 
the  air.  Many  particles  run  together  and 
form  drops  of  rain. 


At  night,  when  the  grass 
and  stones  are  cold,  vapor 
often    floats    against    them 
and    changes     into     dew. 
Breathe     against     a     cold 
window      and      against     a 
warm  sleeve.    Upon  which 
does  dew  form  ? 
On  very  cold  nights  vapor  freezes  on 
grass  and  stones  and  forms  frost. 
A  part  of  the  dew  and  frost  is  formed  of 
vapor  that  rises  from  the  damp  earth. 

The  ice-coat  on  water  forms  first  at  the 
surface.  If  the  freezing  began  at  the  bottom, 
many  lakes  and  streams  would  become  solid 
masses  of  ice.  The  fish  in  them  would  die, 
and  even  the  summer  sun  could  not  melt  the 
ice  in  deep  water. 
What  are  the  uses  of  ice  ? 
Perhaps  these  words  will  help  you  to  think 
of  some  of  the  uses  of  water  :  —  kitchen, 
travel,  mill,  plant,  river,  ram,  ocean,  well. 


SOURCES   OF   STREAMS. 


3 

,.  4 

\ 

- 

14.    Springs. 

Why  does  not  rain  fill  the  soil  ? 
Have  you  ever  seen  water  How  out  of  the  ground  ? 
Is  there  a  spring  near  your  home  ?    If  so,  tell  what  it  is  like. 
Brooks  often  flow  in  dry  seasons.      Can  you  tell  where  the  water 
comes  from  ? 

15.    Sources  of  Streams. 

The  beginning  of  a  brook  or  river  is  called  its  source. 
Many  springs    form   at    the    foot    of   hills,  and   also  in 

meadows. 
Many  others  bubble  up  in  the  bottoms  of 

brooks,  ponds,  rivers  and  lakes.     Ponds  and 


lakes  store  up  water,  and 
supply  it  to  brooks  and  rivers 
long  after  the  rain  is  over. 

Do  you  see  the  large  brook 
or  river  that  flows  from  under 
the  ice  ?  The  tops  of  many 
mountains  are  covered  with 
ice  and  snow  all  the  year. 
Many  streams  are  formed  by 
the  melting  ice  and  snow. 


8 


SYSTEMS    AND    BASINS. 


Would  you  like  to  see  hot  water  spout  out 
of  the  ground  ?  It  often  shoots  up  as  high 
as  a  very  tall  tree.  There  must  be  a  very  hot 
place  in  the  earth  under  the  geyser. 

From  some  springs  there  is  a  gentle  flow  of 
warm  or  hot  water.  Find  the  picture  of  the 
hot  springs.  Do  you  not  think  that  they  have 
made  many  pretty  basins  ? 


16.    Where  Brooks  Flow. 

Why  do  brooks  flow  in  winding  lines  ? 
In  what  direction  does  every  stream  flow  ? 
Why  are  some  brooks  swift  and  others  slow  ? 
Why  is  a   brook  wider   in  some    places    than   in 
others  ? 

What  are  the  uses  of  brooks  and  ponds  ? 


17.    Systems  and  Basins. 

Streams  often  flow  from  many  small  valleys 
into  a  large  valley. 

All  the  streams  that  meet  in  one  valley 
form  a  system.  A  river  system  includes  the 
main  river  of  the  valley,  and  all  the  rills, 
brooks  and  rivers  that  flow  into  the  main 
river. 

All  the  land  that  sends  water  to  a  brook 


forms  the  basin  of  the   brook.     A  basin  is 
made  of  slopes. 

Every  stream  is  in  a  basin.  A  river  basin 
includes  all  the  land  that  is  drained  by  a 
river  system. 


Mississippi  System. 

Every  large  basin  is  made  of  many  small 
ones. 

Many  brook  basins  send  water  to  one  river. 
A  large  river  basin  often  includes  many 
smaller  river  basins. 

The  Mississippi  system  drams  about  a 
million  square  miles  of  land.  This  vast  tract 
of  land  forms  the  Mississippi  basin. 

The  main  stream  of  this  system  is  the 
longest  river  on  earth. 

How  does  a  basin  differ  from  a  S3'stem? 
Point  to  the  basins  and  systems  in  the  pic- 
ture on  the  opposite  page. 

18.    The  Top  of  a  Ridge. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  ridge  that  rises  between 
two  long  narrow  valleys. 

When  rain  falls  on  the  top  of  this  ridge,  into  which 
valley  does  it  flow  ? 

What  part  of  the  ridge  is  in  each  valley  ? 

Point  to  the  line  that  runs  along  the  very  top  of 
the  ridge.  This  line  is  called  a  divide.  It  divides 
the  valleys. 


DIVIDES. 


9 


San  Bernardino  Mountains,  Cal. 


San  Jacinto  Mountains. 


19.    Divides. 

The  slopes  of  the  large  valleys  in  this 
picture  begin  at  the  tops  of  the  high  ridges. 
Each  slope  starts  at  a  divide. 

Some  divides  are  on  high  land  where  snow 
lies  all  the  year.  Other  divides  are  low.  If 
it  were  not  for  running  water  it  would  be 
hard  to  find  them. 

The  rain  that  falls  on  any  slope  flows  into 
the  valley  to  which  that  slope  belongs. 

A  divide  is  often  called  a  water  parting. 
Can  you  tell  why? 

Find  on  the  map  a  water  parting  that  is 
on  very  high  land.  Find  one  on  low  hills; 
another  on  land  that  is  nearly  level. 

Point  as  near  as  you  can  to  the  sources  of 
all  the  streams  that  flow  into  the  Santa  Ana 
river.  All  the  slopes  that  send  water  to  these 
streams  are  in  the  Santa  Ana  basin.  Trace 
the  divide  that  bounds  this  river  basin. 


20.    How  Slopes  Are  Worn. 

Find  a  piece  of  wood  that  has  lain  a  long 
time  on  the  ground.  Cut  into  it.  Has  any 
part  begun  to  decay  ? 

Break  open  a  small  round  stone,  or  a  large 
pebble.  Which  part  has  begun  to  decay? 
Which  part  looks  brightest  ? 

Wood  decays,  and  so  do  rocks  decay.  All 
rocks,  both  large  and  small,  slowly  crumble 
into  soil. 

Wind  blows  dust  and  sand  about.  Rain- 
drops wash  tiny  grains  of  rock  together,  and 
make  them  finer. 

Frost  splits  many  rocks,  and  even  wedges 
off  large  pieces  from  cliffs. 

Little  by  little  the  raindrops,  rills,  brooks 
and  rivers  wash  the  fine  rock  or  soil  down 
the  slopes. 

Thus,  most  slopes  are  slowly  crumbling 
and  wasting  away. 


10 


BEDS   OF   STREAMS. 


Beds  of  Streams. 

The  bottom 

of  a  stream  is 

called  the  bed 

of  the  stream. 

We    have 

seen  how  rills 

and    brooks 

carry    away 

soil.      Swift 

rivers    often 

wash  tons  and 

tons  of  sand,  pebbles, 

and  even  large  stones 

down  the  slopes. 

This  rocky  matter 
grinds  the  beds  and 
thus  helps  to  wear 
them  away. 

In  some  rivers, 
floating  ice  cuts  the 
banks  and  beds.  Mud,  sand  and  stones 
are  held  by  ice,  and  are  carried  down 
the  streams.  Where  does  the  ice  leave 
its  load  ? 

With  a  hammer  break  a  stone  into 
small  pieces.     What  is  the  shape  of  the 
Are  they  rough  or  smooth  ? 
Put    the    pieces    into    a    bottle    and 
shake  it  very  hard.     See  the  grams  of 
rock  on  the  bottom  of  the  bottle. 
Most  of  the  stones  in  river  beds  are  round  and  smooth.     Can  you 
tell  what  rounded  them  ? 

Part  of  the  sand  in  river  beds  has  come  from  these  stones. 
What  becomes  of  the  fine  particles  that  are  worn  off  the  rocks  by 
rivers  ?     After  long  ages  what  will  become  of  the  rocks  that  are 
now  in  river  beds  ? 

Rivers  often  wear  steep  places  in  their  beds.  The  water  leaps 
down,  forming  waterfalls.  A  great  fall  of  water  over  a  steep  bank  is 
called  a  cataract.     A  little  fall  is  a  cascade. 

Some  of  the  pictures  show  water  plunging  over  steep  rocks.  One 
shows  the  rocks  back  of  the  falls. 


VALLEYS. 


11 


22.     Valleys. 

A  valley  is  low  land 
between  higher  lands. 

Which  of  the  valleys  in 
the  pictures  are  very  deep? 
Which  have  steep  sides  ? 

Point  to  a  valley  whose 
sides  have  gentle  slopes. 

The  sides  of  all  valleys 
are  slowly  wearing  away. 
Can  you  tell  why  ? 

In  some  places,  deep  val- 
leys with  steep  sides  are 
called  canyons.  In  other 
places  they  are  called 
gorges. 

Do  you  see  the  ice  river 
in  one  of  the  valleys  ?  This 
ice  river,  or  glacier,  moves 
only  a  few  inches  a  day. 
What  do  you  think  becomes  of  the  ice? 

Some  valleys  are  so  wide  that  we  cannot  see  across 
them.     Some  are  in  low  land,  and  others  are  in  high  land. 


12 


MOUNTAINS. 


23.     Mountains. 

Which  pictures  show  mountains  with  sharp 
tops  ?     Which  show  rounded  tops  ? 

How  does  a  mountain  differ  from  a  valley  ? 
How  does  it  differ  from  a  hill  ? 

Most  mountains  are  made  of  masses  of  rock 
that  are  tilted  and  bent.  The  rock  is  often 
hidden  under  a  thin  coat  of  soil. 

In  some  places  long  and  deep  valleys  have 
been  worn  in  plateaus.     The  high  ridges  and 


Cascade  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains. 

points  of  land  that  are  left  standing  among 
such  valleys  are  often  called  mountains  or  hills. 

For  ages  and  ages,  melted  rock  and  ashes 
have  been  pushed  up  from  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  or  have  been  blown  up  by 
gases.     This  melted  rock  is  called  lava. 

In  many  places  the  lava  and  ashes  are  in 
great  heaps  that  look  like  mountains  or  hills. 
The  mouth  from  which  the  lava  and  ashes 
came,  is  called  a  crater.  A  great  heap  of  lava, 
having  a  crater,  is  called  a  volcano.     Some 


volcanoes  have  deep  valleys  worn  in  their 
sides,  and  it  is  thought  that  these  are  very 
old. 

A  row  of  mountains  is  called  a  mountain 
range.  Point  to  the  picture  of  a  low  range 
of  mountains  having  rounded  tops. 

Fmd  a  range  with  snow  upon  it.     These 

mountains  are  so  high  and  cold  that  snow 

and  ice  lie  upon  them  all  the  year. 

Do  you  think  that  it  would  be  easy  to  walk 

along  the  divide  or  top  of  a  range? 

You  would  have  to    climb   over 

the  highest  points,  and  cross  the 

notches  between  them. 

The  top  of  a  range  is  called  a 
crest.  Point  as  near  as  you  can 
to  the  crests  of  two  ranges. 

Which    crest    looks    like    saw 

teeth  ?    Which  looks  like  waves  ? 

High  points  in  a  crest  are  called 

peaks.      Find   six    sharp    peaks. 

Find  three  rounded  ones. 

Onty  a  few  people  live  on  the 
sides  of  mountains.  The  land  is 
rough,  and  it  is  hard  to  make 
good  roads  there. 

In  some  places   on  mountains 
there  is  grass  enough  for  cattle 
and  sheep,  but  the  soil  is  gener- 
ally very  poor.   Can  you  tell  why? 
What  becomes  of  the  rock  that 
crumbles  on  steep  slopes  ? 

The  roads  across  mountain  ranges  run 
through  the  low  places,  or  passes,  in  the 
ci'ests.     Point  to  three  passes. 

Have  you  heard  of  the  St.  Bernard  dogs  that 
have  saved  so  many  lives  in  a  famous  pass  ? 

Many  long  tunnels  have  been  made  through 
ranges.     Trains  of  cars  run  through  some  of 
these,  and  save  many  miles  of  travel  over 
lofty  crests. 
Some  tunnels  are  cut  through  solid  rock. 


MOUNTAINS. 


13 


14 


PLAINS. 


24.     Plains. 

How  does  a  plain  differ  from  a  hill  ?  How 
does  it  differ  from  a  valley  ? 

How  level  the  land  is  in  the  grainfield 
where  the  men  are  at  work.  Long  ages  ago 
this  plain  was  under  water. 

Find  the  rocky  plain  upon  which 
low  bushes  are  growing.  Melted 
rock  or  lava  came  up  from,  the 
inside  of  the  earth.  The  lava 
spread  out,  cooled,  hardened  and 
formed  this  plain. 


Some  plains  are  so  wide  that  a  swift  train 

of  cars  could  not  cross  one  of  them  in  a  day. 

Find  a  picture  of  a  high  plain.      See  the 

deep  valleys  that  are  worn  in  it. 

Some  high  plains  are  even,  and  some  low 

plains  are  uneven, 
but  high  plains  are 
generally  more 
uneven  than  low 
ones. 

High   plains  are 
sometimes    called 
plateaus.       Nearly 
all    plateaus   are 
cut   by   deep   val- 
leys, and  are  broken  by  high  moun- 
in  ranges. 
Most  of  the  fertile  land  is  on  plains, 


and  here  we  must  look   for  the 
chief  plants  that  supply  food  and 


by  the  river.     The  water  leaves  the 
soil  here  in  times  of  overflow. 

We  have  learned  how  brooks  form 
little  deltas  in  ponds.  The  plain 
upon  which  cows  are  grazing  is  part 
of  the  delta  which  a  river  has  made 
in  the  ocean.  On  level  land  it  is  easy  to  make  roads,  to 

How  broad   and    Hat   some  of  these  plains     dig  canals,  and  to  lay  iron  or  steel  rails. 
are!     They  look  level  as  far  as  we  can  see.         Most  people  make  their  homes  on  plains. 
There  are  others  that  are  not  so  level.  Can  you  tell  why  ? 


SHORE   FORMS. 


15 


25.     Shore   Forms.1 

An  island  is  a  body  of  land  having  water 
all  around  it. 

How  many  islands  can  you  see  in  the  pic- 
tures on  this  page  ?     Find  two  peninsulas. 

How  does  an  island 
differ  from  a  peninsula  ? 
The  word  peninsula 
means  almost  an  island. 

Which    picture    is 


marked  high  tide  ?  Which  is  marked  low 
tide  f  How  do  these  two  pictures  differ  from 
each  other  ?  The  water  in  these  pictures  is 
part  of  the  ocean. 

Twice  each  day  the  water  slowly  rises 
on  the  beach,  and  twice  it  slowly  falls  and 
lays  the  beach  bare.2  It  takes  about  six  hours 
for  the  water  to  rise,  and  about  six  hours  for 
it  to  fall.  This  rise  and  fall  of  the  water  is 
called  the  tide. 

Where  is  the  water  line  at  high  tide?  Where 
is  it  at  low  tide  ? 

1  Find  all  these  forms  on  the  map  of  the  United  States 
on  page  90. 

2  A  few  places  have  only  one  tide  a  day,  and  a  few  other 
places  have  more  than  two  tides. 


A  cape  is  a  point 
of  land  that  extends 
out  into  water. 

Some    capes    are 
high  and  others  are 
low.     Find  three  capes  in  the  pictures. 

Find  an  isthmus.    This  word  means  a  neck 
of  land.    What  does  an 'isthmus  connect? 

Look  at  the  pictures,  and  tell  how  an 
isthmus  differs  from  a  strait.  A  strait  is 
a  body  of  water  connecting  two  larger  bodies 
of  water.  An  isthmus  connects  two  bodies 
of  land  with  each  other. 

A  long  and  shallow  strait  is  sometimes 
called  a  sound.  The  name  sound  is  also  given 
to  shallow  bodies 
of  water  lying 
between  is- 
lands and  the 
mainland. 

Some  straits 
are  many 
miles  wide, 
and  are  very 
deep,  but  they 


1G 


WATER   ON   SHORES. 


are  narrower  than  the  bodies  of  water  which 
they  connect. 

In  many  places  arms  of  water  reach  into 
the  land.  Some  of  these  are  called  bays, 
some  are  called  gulfs,  and  others,  seas. 

There  are  bays,  gulfs  and  seas  so  wide  that 
steamers  cannot  cross  one  of  them  in  a  day. 

How  does  a  bay  differ  from  a  peninsula  ? 

Turn  to  the  picture  on  page  9.  If  the  tide 
were  to  rise  into  these  low  valleys,  where 
would  it  first  form  islands  ?  Where  would  it 
form  peninsulas  ? 

Can  you  find  a  place  where  there  would  be 
first  an  isthmus  and  then  a  strait  ?  In  what 
parts  of  the  valleys  would  there  be  the  great- 
est number  of  little  bays  ? 

26.    Work  of  Water  on  Shores. 

Let  us  visit  the  seashore  and  watch  the 
great  waves  roll  in.  How  they  roar  as  they 
tumble  over  and  over !  Have  you  ever  bathed 
in  the  surf  ? 

What  is  gravel  ?  Which  bank  in  the  picture 
is  made  of  gravel  ? 

Waves  often  strike  against  this  bank,  and 
wear  parts  of  it  away.  Why  does  the  water 
not  make  the  bank  as  steep  as  the  rocky  cliff  ? 

Where  do  the  pebbles  and  larger  stones  on 
the  beach  come  from  ? 

What  becomes  of  the  sand  that  falls  with 
the  pebbles  from  the  gravel  cliff? 

Find  the  clay  cliff.  Where  do  the  large 
stones  on  this  shore  come  from  ?  Find  a 
stone  on  the  face  of  the  cliff.  When  will 
it  fall  ? 

In  some  places  ice  rubs  against  shores  and 
helps  to  cut  and  wear  them  away.  Many 
tons  of  sand,  pebbles  and  even  large  stones 
are  held  by  the  ice,  and  are  carried  out  to  sea 
by  it.  What  becomes  of  them  when  the  ice 
melts  ? 


Waves  often  wash  gravel  against  cliffs,  and 
thus  slowly  cut  them  away.  Frost  splits  and 
loosens  the  rocks. 

Can  you  see  the  place  where  a  part  of  a 
cliff  has  lately  fallen?  What  will  become 
of  the  loose  earth  at  the  foot  of  the  cliff  ? 

Can  you  tell  what  made  the  caves  in  the 
middle  cliff? 

Find  the  picture  which  shows  surf  breaking 
over  rocks.  This  rocky  ledge  was  once  a  part 
of  the  main  shore.  After  a  long  time  the 
waves  may  wear  away  the  whole  ledge. 

The  island  in  the  calm  sea  is  like  a  low  hill 
which  has  partly  sunk  beneath  the  water. 

Have  you  ever  seen  seaweed  growing  on 
rocks  ?  Which  do  water  and  gravel  wear  away 
more  quickly,  bare  rocks  or  the  rocks  which 
are  under  seaweed  ? 

In  some  places  the  sand  and  pebbles  that 
are  worn  from  soft  cliffs  and  beaches  spread 
out  and  make  the  water  shallow  along  the 
shores. 

Great  waves  that  roll  in  from  the  sea  often 
strike  upon  shallow  bottoms,  and  wash  sand 
and  pebbles  up  onto  the  beaches.  In  some 
places  the  wind  then  blows  the  sand  into 
drifts,  like  snow,  and  carries  it  far  inland. 

Plants  sometimes  grow  in  beach  sand,  and 
keep  it  from  drifting.  Which  picture  shows 
a  low,  grassy  shore  ? 

An  arm  of  the  sea,  or  of  any  other  body 
of  water,  in  which  ships  find  shelter  from 
storms,  is  called  a  harbor. 

Some  harbors  are  made  by  building  long 
walls  out  into  the  water.  These  walls  break 
the  force  of  the  waves. 

The  best  harbors  have  deep  water  and 
high  shores.  Can  you  tell  why  deep  water 
is  needed  ?  Of  what  use  are  the  high 
shores  ? 

Would  you  expect  to  find  the  best  harbors 
on  rocky  coasts,  or  on  sandy  ones  ? 


SEA    COASTS. 


IT 


18 


POINTS   OF   THE   COMPASS. 


27.     Points  of  the   Compass. 
Point  to  the  place  where  the  sun  rises. 


w 


□ 

□ 
□ 
□ 


□ 

□ 

□ 
□ 


often  does  it  rise  ? 
Where  is  the  sun  at  noon  ?  Where  does  it  set  ? 
Try   to  find   out  at  what 
time  of  day  your  body  casts 
the  shortest  shadow. 

At  midday  all  shadows  in 
oiir  country  point  north,  away 
from  the  objects  that  cast 
them. 

Turn  your  face  to  the  north. 
Are  there  any  trees,  hills  or 
houses  north  of  you  ? 

Turn  your  back  to  the 
north.  You  are  now  facing 
south.  Name  some  objects 
that  you  can  see  south  of  you. 
When  you  face  the  north, 
east  is  on  the  right,  and  west 
is  on  the  left. 

The  sun  rises  in  or  near  the  east.  It  sets 
in  or  near  the  west.  Point  to  the  east,  and 
then  to  the  west.  Name  some  objects  that  are 
east  of  you.    Name  some  that  are  west  of  you. 

Which  is  the  north 
side  of  your  school- 
house?  Which  is  the 
south  side  ? 

Name  a  building  or 
any  other  object  that 
is  north  of  your  home. 
Can  you  name  a  street 
or  road  that  runs  east 
and  west  ? 

Point  halfway  between  north  and  east. 
This  direction  is  called  northeast.  It  is  often 
written  N.  E. 

Where  will  you  look  for  northwest?  For 
southwest  ?  For  southeast  ?  Can  you  name 
a  street  that  runs  northeast  and  south- 
west ? 


28.     How  Maps  are  Made. 

How        How  long  is  the  top  of  your  desk  ?     How 
wide  is  it  ? 
Draw  the  top  of   your  desk,  making  the 
drawing  one  eighth  as  long 
as  the  desk. 

How  long  is  the  school- 
room ?     How  wide  is  it  ? 

Draw  the  sides  and  ends 
of  the  floor.  Let  one  half 
of  an  inch  on  the  paper  stand 
for  one  yard  on  the  floor.1 
Put  all  the  desk-tops  hi  the 


□ 
□ 

□ 


□ 

□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 


□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 


drawing. 


w  .  w 

Plan  of  a  Schoolroom. 


WEST 


This  picture  of  a  school- 
room will  show  you  how  to 
draw  yours. 

Draw  the  room  again,  and 
let  one  eighth  of  an  inch 
stand  for  one  foot.  Mark 
places  for  windows  and  doors. 
Make  a  drawing  or  2^an  of  the  lower  floor 
of  the  whole  building.  Use  one  fourth  of 
an  inch  for  each  yard.2  Make  lines  to  show 
where  all  the  walls  are  placed.  Mark  places 
for  doors  and  windows. 

Draw  a  plan  of  the  same  floor,  using  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  for  a  yard. 


EAST 


SOUTH 
Mariner's  Compass. 


r 

w 


h- 


IF 

LZ„- 


-r-L 


w 

I 
w 

D 

W 

I 


IK 

I 


If    '       '    II' 

Ground  Plan  ol  a  Schoolhouse. 

1  If  the  room  is  very  large,  allow  one  fourth  of  an  inch 
for  a  yard. 

-  In  some  cases,  teachers  may  find  it  necessary  to  name 
scales,  differing  from  those  given. 


READING    MAPS. 


19 


Plan  of  a  Yard. 


Make  a  plan  of  the  school  yard.  Allow  one 
inch  for  twenty-five  feet.     Draw  lines  for  the 

walks    and 
gates.     Make 
dots  for  trees. 
Mark     the 
place     where 
the     school- 
house  stands. 
A  plan  of  any  part  of  the  earth  is  a  map. 
Here   is  a  map    of   a  school    district.      One 

eighth    of    an 

inch  was  used 

for  fifty  yards. 

On    page    8 

is     an- 

kind  of 

of     the 

district. 

called  a 

relief  map. 

Make  a  map  of  a  part  of  your  school 
district.1  Put  in  it  the  brooks,  ponds,  hills, 
streets  and  shores,  if  there  are  any. 

You  can  measure  distances  by  counting  the 
number  of  steps  it  takes  to  travel  each 
distance.     Call  each  step  ajsace. 

1  If  pupils  cannot  go  outdoors  to  make  a  map  of  their 
district,  the  different  members  of  the  class  can  doubtless 
furnish  enough  facts  for  making  a  simple  map  indoors'. 
City  pupils  can  make  a  plan  of  a  park,  or  of  a  few 
blocks  or  squares  near  their  school. 

i.  n. 


there 
other 
map 
same 
It  is 


A  School  District. 


29.    Reading  Maps. 

Let  us  study  these  four  small  maps,  and 
learn  what  they  show. 

Find  in  map  I.  the  City  Hall  and  Post  Office. 
It  takes  about  two  minutes  to  walk  from  one 
of  these  buildings  to  the  other.  This  map 
includes  a  few  streets  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

The  next  map  shows  the  rivers  on  two 
sides  of  the  city,  with  wharves  all  along  the 
water  front. 

Can  you  find  the  City  Hall  in  map  II.  ? 
Why  is  it  drawn  so  small  ?  See  how  narrow 
the  streets  in  this  map  are  made. 

Map  III.  includes  several  cities.  In  this 
map  the  streets  are  shown  by  very  fine  lines. 
The  buildings  and  wharves  no  longer  appear. 
See  how  far  New  York  extends  up  the  Hudson 
river.     Brooklyn  is  part  of  New  York  city. 

Can  you  find  New  York  on  map  IV.  ? 
Where  is  Albany  ?  The  distance  from  New 
York  to  Albany  is  more  than  a  hundred  miles. 

What  river  flows  from  Albany  to  New 
York  ?  Where  are  the  Catskill  mountains  ? 
Where  is  the  East  river? 

Why  are  the  streets  of  New  York  not 
drawn  on  map  IV.  ?  How  are  the  rivers 
shown  on  this  map  ? 

These  little  maps  show  how  the  large  maps 
in  this  book  were  made.  Can  you  find  New 
York  on  the  large  map  of  North  America  ? 


Maps  ol  New  Yorli  and  Vicinity. 


THE     EARTH. 


30.    Form  and  Size  of  the  Earth. 
The   line   on  the    earth   where   earth   and 
sky   seem   to    meet    is    called    the    horizon.1 

The  horizon 
surrounds  us  on 
every  side. 

Were  you 
ever  on  a  high 
hilltop?  If  so, 
did  you  see  the 
same  horizon 
that  you  could 
see  from  the 
lower  land  ? 

Which  picture 
shows      vessels 
going  to  sea  ? 
You  can  look  over  the  sails  of  one  vessel, 
and  see  the  water  beyond.    Another  is  sailing 

1  This  line  is  often  called  the  skyline,  and  the  name 
horizon  is  applied  to  the  circular  skyline,  as  seen  on  the 
ocean. 


Soap  Bubbles. 


out  of  sight. 
Only  the  sails 
can  be  seen. 
The  hull  is 
below  the 
horizon. 

Can  you  see 
the  smoke  of 
the  steamer 
that  is  below 
the  horizon? 
If  the  earth 
were  flat, 
could  vessels 


Map  of  the  Moon. 


this 


way ; 


VeseoiB  on  tne  Horizon. 


go  out  of    sight  m 

Here  is  a  map  of  the  moon. 

Find  the  long  ridge  just  below  the  middle  of 

the  moon.    This  ridge  is  a  mountain  range.    It 

is  so  long  that  it  would  take  a  swift  tram  of  cars 

all  day  to  run  from  one  end  of  it  to  the  other. 

Have  you  ever  blown  soap  bubbles  ?    How 

pretty  the  little  globes  look  as  they  float  away. 

When  the  moon  is  pale  and  round,  does  it  look 

like  a  great  bubble  ? 

If  we  were  far  off  in  the  sky, 
the  earth  would  appear  like  a 
great  moon. 

The  moon  is  a  very  large  ball, 
but  the  earth  is  many  times  larger. 
We  see  so  small  a  part  of  the 
earth  at  a  time  that  it  does  not 
look  round  like  a  ball. 

The  circumference,  or  the 
greatest  distance  round  the 
earth,  is  about  25,000  miles. 
The  diameter,  or  the  greatest 
distance  through  it,  is  about 
8000  miles. 


WHAT  THE   EARTH   IS   MADE   OP. 


21 


31.    What  a  Hill  is  Made  of. 

This  picture  shows  a  deep  cut  on  the  side  of  a  hill. 

Point  to  the  solid  rock. 

What  rests  upon  the  rock  ? 

Upon  what  does  the  water  flow  ? 

What  is  sand  ?     What  is  clay  ? 

Of  what  is  the  hill  in  the  picture  made  ? 

What  is  a  pond  ?     What  flows  in  all  brooks  ? 

Have  you  ever  seen  any  part  of  the  earth  that  is 
not  made  of  rock  or  of  water  ? 

Can  you  tell  what  plants  feed  on  ?  When  rock  is 
broken  into  very  fine  grains,  what  does  it  form  ?  Do 
you  know  where  the  water  in  brooks  comes  from  ? 


32. 

What  the  Earth  is  Made  of. 

By  far  the  greater  part  of 
the  earth  is  a  ball  of  rock. 
This  great  ball  is  not  smooth. 
Hills,  mountains,  plateaus  and 
valleys  make  rough  places  on 
its  surface. 

The  lower  parts  of  the  surface 
of  the  rocky  ball  are  covered 
with  water.  The  parts  that  are 
above  water  are  called  the  land. 
You  can  see  the  land  all  about 
your  school. 

We    have    learned    that    for 
ages  and  ages  rocks  have  been 
decaying,  and  streams  have  been  washing  a 
part  of  the  fine  rock  down  to  the  lowlands. 

In  most  places  there  is  a  thin  layer  of  fine 
rock,  or  soil,  over  the  solid  rock. 

Water  covers  about  three  fourths  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  The  other  fourth  of 
the  surface  is  land. 

What  is  under  the  water? 

If  we  picture  the  earth  about  the  size  of  an 
apple,  the  water  will  form  a  layer  about  as 
thick  as  the  peel  of  the  apple.  You  must  not 
think  that  the  water  is  really  a  thin  layer. 


The  earth  is  very  large,  and  in   places  the 
water  is  four  or  five  miles  in  depth. 

33.    The  Air. 

Drop  a  small  piece  of  paper.  How  did  it  move  ? 
Why  did  it  not  fall  straight  down  ? 

Drop  another  piece.  Did  it  fall  like  the  first  ? 
Can  you  make  two  pieces  fall  in  the  same  place  ? 

Can  you  see  the  air  ?  Can  you  feel  it  ?  Swing 
your  hand  in  the  air. 

These  words  may  help  you  to  think  of  some  of 
the  uses  of  air :  bird,  ship,  windmill,  rain,  breath, 
balloon,  plant,  wave. 


Section  ol  a  Hill. 


34.    The  Shell  of  Air. 

We  live  and  move  in  the  air.  We  feel  it 
about  us,  we  breathe  it,  and  set  it  at  work  to 
drive  ships  and  to  turn  windmills. 

How  gentle  the  air  is  when  calm.  How 
strong  it  is  in  angry  gales. 

We  do  not  know  how  far  the  air  extends 
above  us,  but  we  do  know  that  the  upper  air 
is  very  thin.  If  we  should  go  up  only  three 
miles,  many  of  us  would  suffer  for  breath. 

The  air  surrounds  every  part  of  the  earth, 
like  a  shell. 


22 


THE   POLES. 


35.     The  Poles. 

Find  the  dotted  line  in  the  top.     It  runs 
from  the   head  to  the  peg.     When  the  top 

spins,  every  part 
turns  round  this 
line. 

We  will  call  this 
line  the  axis  of  the 
top. 

The  earth  has  no 

head  nor  peg,  but 

it  spins  like  a  top. 

It  takes  a  day  and 

turn  once  round. 

We  may  think  of  a  line  in  the  earth  like 

that  in  the  top.     It  is  called  the  axis  of  the 

earth.     Once  in  twenty-four  hours  every  part 

of  the  earth  turns  round  the  axis. 

The  ends  of  the  axis  are  called  poles.     The 


a  night  to 


word  pole  means  pivot,  or  point  upon  which 
anything  turns. 
The  earth  seems  to  float  in  the  sky.     It 


turns  on  its  axis,  just  as  if  the  poles  (or  ends 
of  the  axis)  were  pivots;  but,  of  course,  the 
earth  does  not  rest  upon  anything. . 

When  you  go  out  to  play,  toss  up  a  ball 
and  make  it  spin  in  the  air.  As  the  ball 
spins,  try  to  tell  in  what  direction  its  axis 
points. 

Can  you  find  the  north  star?  Point  to  the 
place  in  the  sky  where  it  shines. 

The  axis  of  the  earth  points  to  the  north 


*. 


.•''  *Star 


N*0 


«<*" 


star.  The  end  of  the  axis  under  this  star  is 
called  the  north  pole.  The  other  end  is  the 
south  pole. 

If  you  were  at  the  north  pole  you  could  see 
the  north  star  over  your  head.  The  north 
star  is  often  called  the  pole  star.  Can  you 
tell  why  ? 

The  land  and  water  about  the  poles  are 
buried  under  ice  and  snow.  Many  polar  bears 
and  seals  are  found  in  the  frozen  regions  of 
the  north.     Upon  what  do  the  bears  feed  ? 

From  every  place 
on  earth,  north  is 
towards  the  north 
pole.  South  is  to- 
wards the  south 
pole. 

Lines  are  often 
drawn  from  pole 
to  pole  on  maps. 
All  such  lines  run 
north  and  south. 


Polai   Scene. 


THE   EQUATOK. 


23 


Map  A. 

This  line  is  called  the  equator 

It  divides  the  surface 
of  the  earth  into  two 
equal  parts.  Find  the 
equator  on  the  map. 

The  lowlands  near 
the  equator  have  no 
winter.  The  hot  or 
warm  season  lasts  all 
the  year. 

The  equator  extends 
east  and  west.  Other 
lines  may  be  drawn  in 
the  same  directions. 
When  we  face  the 
north,  east  is  along  the 
lines  to  the  right,  and  west  to  the 


How  many  arrows  on  map 
A  point  north  ?  Plow  many 
point  south  ? 

Which  arrows  point  north 
on  map  B  ?     On  map  C  ? 

Which  arrows  point  south 
on  map  B? 

On  map  C? 

36.    The  Equator. 

We  may  think  of  a 
line  drawn  round  the 
earth,  halfway  between 
the  poles. 

Which  arrows  on 


map 


.  ,_*sf2^E5*-  *  if,  a  < V.  Tags 

11     ■':  W 


Scene  neat  the  Equator. 

left.  One  side  has 

Which  side  of  the  earth 
is  light  ?  When  will  that 
side  be  dark  ? 

What  part  of  a  ball 
can  be  lighted  by  one 
lamp?  How  large  a 
part  of  the  earth  can  be 
lighted  by  the  sun  at  one 
time  ?  The  earth  turns 
from  west  to  east,  and 
the  sun  is  therefore  first 
seen  in  the  east. 


Map  B. 

A  point  east  ?  Which  point 
east  on  map  B  ?  On  C  ? 
Which  arrows  point  west 
on  map  A  ?  On  map  B  ? 
On  C? 

Find  the  north  pole  in 
map  D.  Which  lines  in 
this  map  run  east  and  west? 
Which  north  and  south  ? 

When  we  face  the  south 
pole  does  east  follow  the 
arrows  to  the  right  or  to 
the  left,  round  the  pole  ? 

As   the   earth   turns 
round  on  its  axis,  one 
side    is    light  and  the 
other  side  is  dark. 
day,  and  the  other  has  night. 


Map  C. 


Map  D, 


24 


SURFACE     OF    THE     EARTH. 


37.    The  World  Ridge. 

Four  long  highlands  form  a  loop  that  bends 
nearly  round  the  earth.  This  loop  of  high 
land  is  called  the  ivorld  ridge. 

The  key  map  on  page 
25  shows  the  high 
lands  in  this  loop, 


oceans  or  by  long  gulfs,  bays  or  seas.  The 
four  long  highlands  of  the  world  ridge  form 
the  backbones  of  four  continents.  The  Andes 
highland  is  in  the  western  part  of  South 
America;  the  Rocky  mountain  highland  is 
in  the  western  part  of  North 
America;  the  high- 
land of  Tibet 
extends 


Relief  Map  Showing  the  World  Ridge. 


roof  of  a  house.  In  many  parts  it  is  hundreds 
of  miles  in  width.  The  greater  part  of  it 
consists  of  wide  plateaus. 

The  world  ridge  is  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 
The  great  highlands  are  clearly  shown  on  the 
relief  maps  on  pages  32,  36,  42,  46  and  50. 

The  parts  of  the  world  ridge  are  in  great 
bodies  of  land  called  continents.  The  conti- 
nents are  wholly  or  partly  separated  by  the 


nearly    east-and- 
west    in    Asia;     the 
highland  of  Abyssinia 
is  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Africa. 
Asia,  Africa,  North  Amer- 
ica   and    South    America 
are  the   largest   four   conti- 
nents.    Europe  and  Australia 
also  are  continents.     Australia  is 
a  very  large  island  southeast  of  Asia. 

Europe  and  Asia  really  form  one  great  body 

of  land,  —  Asia  being  the  large  eastern  part,  and 
Europe  the  small  western  part.  Europe  does  not  con- 
tain any  part  of  the  great  loop  of  highlands  forming 
the  divide  between  the  oceans. 

What  two  capes  are  near  the  ends  of  the  world 
ridge?     See  maps  of  Africa  and  South   America. 

On  which  side  of  the  equator  are  the  ends  of  the 
world  ridge  ?  In  how  many  places  does  the  equator 
cross  this  chain  of  highlands? 

Near  what  part  of  the  world  ridge  is  the  north 
pole? 


ANDES    HIGHLAND. 


25 


Key  to  Relief  Map. 

38.    Andes  Highland.1 

In  what  part  of  the  world  ridge  is  the 
Andes  highland?  In  what  direction  does  it 
extend  ? 

The  Andes  highland  reaches  one  fifth  of  the 
distance  round  the  earth.  It  consists  of  a 
long  and  narrow  plateau,  with  many  ranges 
of  mountains. 

Some  of  the  peaks  of  the  Andes  are  so 
high  that  snow  lies  on  them  all  the  year. 

On  which  side  of  the  Andes  are  the  great 
plains  ? 

A  very  useful  animal,  called  the  llama,  is  found  in 
the  Andes.  This  little  beast  sometimes  carries  loads 
on  its  back  over  the  mountains. 

The  llama  has  a  thick  pad  on  the  sole  of  each 
foot,  and  is  well  fitted  to  climb  steep  rocky  paths. 

A  few  years  ago,  long  trains  of  llamas  often 
went  winding  down  the  mountain  sides,  with  loads 
of  silver  ore, — the  rock  from  which  silver  is  taken. 
On  the  return  trip  the  llamas  carried  food,  clothing 
and  tools  to  the  people  who  worked  in  the  silver 
mines  far  above  the  coast. 

Cars  and  mules  now  carry  most  of  these  goods. 

1  The  lessons  in  small  type,  in  connection  with  pictures, 
are  for  supplementary  reading.  The  more  important  text 
is  in  large  type. 


Outside  the  World  Ridge. 

39.    Rocky  Mountain  Highland. 

Where  is  the  Rocky  mountain  highland? 
In  what  direction  does  it  extend  ? 

This  mass  of  land  is  about  as  long  as  the 
Andes. 

Which  of  these  highlands  looks  wider  than 
the  other  ?     Which  looks  the  higher  ? 

The  Rocky  mountain  highland  consists  of  a 
wide  plateau,  broken  by  lofty  ranges,  and  cut 
by  deep  valleys.     It  crosses  our  country. 

The  main  range  is  called  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains. 


Llama 


26 


HIGHLAND    OF    TIBET. 


over  ranges  and  through  valleys.     The  sun  rises  and  sets,  and 
we  are  still  on  the  great  world  ridge. 

The  next  rising  sun  finds  us  on  the  crest  of  the  border 
range,  and  in  a  few  hours  we  descend  from  snowy  passes  into 
a  land  of  fruit  and  flowers. 


Would  you  like 
to  cross  the  Rocky 
mountain  highland 
on  this  train  of 
cars  ?  How  the  iron 


Crossing  the  Rockies. 


horse  must  puff  on  the  steep  slopes  ! 

In  some  places  the  track  winds  along  the  bottoms 
of  deep  canyons,  and  crosses  long  bridges  far  above 
rushing  streams.  In  the  high  ranges,  and  even  along 
the  plateau,  the  road  is  often  blocked  with  snow. 

Many  of  the  sights  are  grand.  The  train  dashes 
round  lofty  points  from  which  may  be  seen  mile  after 
mile  of  rugged  peaks,  and  it  glides  into  wide  valleys 
which  seem  alive  with  cattle  and  sheep. 

Hour  after  hour  the  train  rushes  on  its  way.  Night 
comes  on,  but  even  while  we  sleep  the  cars  speed 


40.     Highland  of  Tibet. 

Find  on  the  map  the   highland   of 

Tibet.  In  what  direction  does  it  extend  ? 

This  mass  of  land  is  the  highest  on 

O 

earth.  Some  of  its  snowy  peaks  rise 
about  five  miles  and  a  half  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

On   which    side    of    Tibet    are    the 
longest   plains  ? 

The  musk  deer  lives  far  up  on  the  highland 

of  Tibet.     See  how  large  its  toes  are.     When 

the  lively  little  creature  leaps  from  rock  to 

rock,  its  toes  seem  to  grasp  the  sharp  points. 

The  musk  deer 

feeds  on  moss  and 

grass     that    grow 

far     up     on    the 

ranges. 

Thousands      of 

these      creatures 

are    killed    every 

year  for  the  little 

sacs  of  musk  that 

form  beneath  the 

skin.     This   musk 

is  used  in  making 

perfumery. 


Musk  Deer. 


Peak  ol  Kilimanjaro,  Africa. 


41.    Highland  of  Abyssinia. 

The  fourth  great  mass  in  the  world  ridge  is 
called  the  highland  of  Abyssinia.  Show  on  the 
map  where  it  is. 

In  what  direction  is  Abyssinia  from  the 
end  of  the  world  ridge  that  is  nearest  it  ? 

Let  us  try  to  climb  this  high  mountain.  It  stands 
near  the  equator,  a  little  distance  south  of  Abyssinia. 

Large  banana  plants  and  palm  trees  grow  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain. 


SLOPES   FROM   THE   WORLD   RIDGE. 


27 


Up  we  go  !  Now  we  can  look  far  out  over  the 
lowlands.  The  air  is  cooler.  See  the  great  trees 
with  moss  growing  on  their  trunks  and  branches. 

At  length  we  reach  grassy  places  and  clover 
patches,  on  the  mountain  sides.  Now  we  have  passed 
the  clover,  and  find  only  bushes  and  bare  rocks. 

Here  is  the  edge  of   a  great  snowcap.     We  can 
climb  no  farther,  and  yet  the  top  of  the  peak  is  far 
above  us.     This  peak  is  very  high,  but  many  of  the 
peaks  in  the  highland  of  Tibet  are 
much  higher. 

42.     Slopes  from  the 
World  Ridge. 

Each  of  the  four  great  high- 
lands sends  out  a  long  slope 
on  one  side,  and  a  short  slope 
on  the  other  side.  The  long 
slopes  are  inside  the  world 
ridge.  In  most  places  they 
make  wide  plains  before  reach- 
ing the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  slopes  outside  the  world  ridge  are 
shorter  than  those  inside.  In  most  places  the 
short  slopes  form  only  a  narrow  lowland 
along  the  shores. 

43.     Selvas. 


3^ 

i 


Natives  of  the  Selvas. 


44.    Western  Plains. 

Where  is  the   Rocky  mountain  highland? 
What  have  you  read  about  this  part  of  the 
world  ridge  ?     On  which  side 
of    the    Rocky   mountains    is 
the  long  slope? 

A  very  large  part  of  this 
slope  consists  of  wide  "plains. 
In  some  places  they  are  barren, 
but  in  other  places  they  are 
covered  with  grain  and  cotton. 
Just  east  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  the  grassy  slopes 
feed  large  herds  of  cattle. 
These  grazing  plains  stretch 
away  for  hundreds  of  miles. 
Perhaps  some  of  the  meat 
which  you  have  eaten  came 
from  these  plains. 

45.    Tundras. 


Find  the  word  tundras  on  the  map.  The 
tundras  are  marshy  and  mossy  plains  that 
form  a  part  of  the  long  slope  far  to  the  north 
of  Tibet.  They  lie  along  the  shore  of  a  very 
cold  sea.  In  most  places  the  soil  of  the 
tundras  is  frozen  to  a  great  depth.     In  sum- 


Vast  forests,  called  selvas,  cover  a  large  part     mer  it  thaws  slightly  at  the  surface. 


of  the  slope  east  of  the  Andes  highland.  Long 
rivers  wind  through  these  forests  and  often 
overflow  the  land. 

Find  the  word  selvas  on  the  map  on  page  25. 

Many  tribes  of  Indians  live  along  the  borders 
of  the  streams.  They 
spend  their  time 
catching  fish,  and 
shooting  birds  and 
small  animals. 

Is  the  air  cold  or 
it    warm    in    the 


Herds  of  reindeer  feed  on  a  small  gray  plant, 
called  reindeer  moss,  that  grows  on  the  tun- 
dras. On  page  81  there  is  a  picture  of  these 
dreary  plains.  South  of  the  tundras  there 
are  large  forests  and  grassy  slopes. 


is 


place    where 
Indians  live? 


these 


Cattle   Ranch   on  the    Western  Plains 


rn 


28 


THE    GRAND    DIVISIONS. 


46.    Desert  of  Sahara. 

Find  on  the  map  on  page  25  the  place 
marked  desert.  On  pages  49  and  52  there 
are  pictures  of  parts    of  this  desert. 

Have  you  ever  seen  any  land  like  that  in 
the  pictures  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  the 
land  near  your  school  ? 

The  desert  is  very  dry,  and  most  parts  of 


it  are  covered  with  sand.     Perhaps  the  little 
children  there  never  saw  any  rain. 

South  of  this  dry  land  there  are  long  rivers 
flowing  through  dense  forests  and  over  grassy 
plains. 

47.    The  Grand  Divisions. 

What  strait  cuts  across  the  world  ridge  ? 

Where  is  South  America  ?  Where  is  North  Amer- 
ica? What  isthmus  joins  these  two  parts  of  America  ? 
Which  part  is  the  larger  ? 

What  lands  are  joined  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez? 

Where  is  Europe  ?  Which  is  the  larger,  Europe 
or  Asia  ? 

What  very  large  island  is  southeast  of  Asia? 
Which  looks  the  larger,  Europe  or  Australia? 

What  lands  are  crossed  by  the  equator  ?  On  which 
side  of  the  equator  is  the  greater  part  of  the  land  ? 
On  which  side  is  the  greater  part  of  the  sea  ? 

Which  of  these  large  bodies  of  land  lie  wholly 
north  of  the  equator  ?  Do  any  lie  wholly  south  of 
the  equator  ? 

South  America,  North  America,  Europe, 
Asia.  Africa  and  Australia  are  called  grand 
divisions  or  continents. 

What  continents  are  in  the  Old  World  ? 


THE    OCEANS. 


29 


48.    The  Oceans. 

The  sea,  or  ocean,  covers  nearly  the  whole 
of  one  side  of  the  earth,  and  also  a  large  part 
of  the  other  side. 

What  name  is  given  to  that  part  of  the  sea  which 
is  round  the  north  pole  ?  To  the  part  round  the 
south  pole  ? 

What  ocean  is  east  of  America  ?  On  which  side 
of  the  Old  World  is  the  Atlantic  ocean  ? 


What  ocean  is  west  of  America  ?  On  which  side 
of  the  Old  World  is  the  Pacific  ocean  ? 

What  ocean  is  south  of  Asia  ?  What  land  is  west 
of  the  Indian  ocean  ?     What  land  is  east  of  it  ? 

What  lands  border  on  the  Pacific  ocean  ?  On  the 
Atlantic  ocean  ?     On  the  Arctic  ocean  ? 

What  oceans  touch  the  shores  of  North  America  ? 
Of  Asia?  Of  Australia?  Of  Africa?  Of  South 
America  ? 

Which  is  the    largest  ocean?    Next  in  size? 


/      F     /      C 


Os  *£.     £.     /t      A/ 


30 


CORAL,   ISLANDS. 


49.     The  Bottom  of  the   Sea. 

In  some  places  there  are  very  long  and  wide 
banks  under  the  sea.  The  tops  of  many 
ranges  and  ridges  also  rise  above  water,  and 
form  islands. 

Many  volcanoes  rest  upon  the  bottom  of  the 
deep  sea.  Their  peaks  form  hundreds  of 
lonely  islands,  far  out  in  the  ocean.  Most  of 
these  volcanic  islands  are  in  the  Pacific  ocean. 

By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  is  a  vast  smooth  plain. 

Sunlight  does  not  go  very  far  down  in  the 
sea.  If  we  were  to  sink  in  this  great  body  of 
water,  we  should  find  the  light  growing  fainter 
as  we  went  deeper.  At  less  than  one  fourth 
of  a  mile  below  the  surface,  the 
ocean  is  always  in  darkness. 
Yet,  in  some  places,  the  water 
is  five  miles  in  depth. 

Near  the  surface  of  the  sea, 
and  on  the  bottom,  there  are 
many  kinds  of  fish  and  other 
creatures.  At  times  the  shal- 
low  water    near   the    shares    of 


the 


grand 


divisions  seems  to  be  alive  with  fishes. 
50.     Coral  Islands. 

(A  Reading  Lesson.) 

Have  you  ever  heard  of  the  pretty  islands 
that  grow  in  the  sea?  Let  us  visit  one  of 
them,  and  find  out  how  it  grows. 

The  water  round  the  island  is  clear,  and  we 
can  look  far  down  into  it.  What  are  those 
little  branches  that  grow  under  the  water? 
Reach  down  with  a  long  pole,  and  break  off 
a  branch. 

It  looks  like  a  small  tree,  but  it  is  as  hard 
as  stone.  There;  are  tiny  soft  spots  on  the 
sides  and  ends  of  the  branch. 

This  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  sea.  Each 
soft  spot  is  a  living  body.  It  lias  a  mouth  and 
a  stomach,  and  takes  its  food  from  the  water. 


This  tin}'  creature  is  called  a  polyp,  and  the 
hard  part  is  coral.  The  coral  is  part  of  the 
body  of  the  polyp. 

Some  polyps  grow  in  form  like  trees,  and 
send  out  buds  that  form  branches.  The 
polyps  on  the  branches  bud  again,  and  thus 
a  dense  coral  forest  grows. 

Polyps  lay  tiny  eggs  in  the  water,  and  the 
eggs  float  about.  If  they  reach  a  rocky 
bank  or  a  hard  bottom  where  the  water  is 
shallow,  clear  and  warm,  they  start  another 
forest  of  coral. 

When  the  coral  has  grown  nearly  to  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  waves  break  off  many 
branches  and  wash  them  onto  the  top  of  the 
coral  mass.  Each  storm  sends 
up  more,  till  the  bank  rises 
above  the  water  and  forms  an 
island. 

The  waves  soon  grind  some 
of  the  coral  to  powder.     Sea- 
plants  drift  to  the  new  shore, 
and  mix  with  the  coral   dust- 
Soil  is  thus  formed  on  the  island. 

Eine  seeds  are  carried  many  miles  by  winds 
in  storms.  Other  seeds  drift  with  the  sea 
from  shore  to  shore.  In  some  such  ways 
seeds  reach  the  new  island,  and  grow  to  trees 
or  smaller  plants.  Now  the  coral  island  is 
ready  for  man  to  come  and  make  it  his  home. 
In  the  warm  parts  of  the  ocean,  polyps 
have  made  many  long  banks,  or  reefs,  along 
the  shores  of  islands  and  continents. 

Ships  often  strike  upon  these  reefs,  and  are 
wrecked.1 

There  are  many  kinds  of  coral,  and  they 
take  many  pretty  shapes.2 

\  The  famous  war  vessel,  Kearsart/c,  was  wrecked  on  a 
coral  reel'. 

-  It  is  often  stated  that  islands  like  that  in  the 
picture  are  built  upon  other  sinking  islands.  It.  is  now 
thought  that  this  has  taken  place  only  in  rare  cases, 
if  in  any. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


51.    Surface  of  South  America. 

Cape  Horn  is  at  one  end  of  the  world  ridge. 
It  is  on  a  great  mass  of  rock,  rising  from  the 
sea. 

Round  this  bleak  point  the  sea  is  often 
very  rough  and  stormy.  Icebergs,  or  huge 
blocks  of  ice,  sometimes  drift  past  this  cape. 

The  Andes  highland  extends  northward 
from  cape  Horn.    How  long  is  this  highland  ? 

The  widest  part  of  the  Andes  highland  is 
near  the  great  bend  in  the  Pacific  coast. 
Here  the  ranges  inclose  a  lofty  plateau. 

On  this  part  of  the  highland  lies  the  beauti- 
ful lake  Titicaca.  It  is  about  two  miles  and 
a  half  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Steamers  cross  this  lake,  and  connect  the 
villages  with  a  railroad  that  winds  down  to 


the  coast.  Rich  grainfields  spread  round  lake 
Titicaca,  and  the  mountains  that  inclose  its 
basin  have  rich  silver  mines. 

What  part  of  South  America  is  crossed  by 
the  equator  ? 1 

Near  the  equator  stands  a  group  of  noted 
volcanoes.  Among  them  spread  high  and 
fertile  plains. 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Panama  ? 

The  Andes  highland  covers  about  one  sixth 
of  this  grand  division. 

The  long  slope  of  South  America  is  on  the 
east  of  the  Andes  highland.  What  have  you 
read  about  the  selvas  ? 

The  long  bridge  in  this  picture  is  near  the 
city  of  Lima.  Find  Lima  and  Rio  de  Janeiro 
on  the  map.1 


1  See  the  colored  map  of  South  America. 


RCLIBP    MAP    OP    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


AMAZON    RIVER. 


33 


52.    Map  Studies. 

What  oceans  border  on  South  America  ? 

What  part  of  the  world  ridge  is  in  South  America  ? 
Along  what  coast  does  it  lie  ? 

Which  part  of  the  Andes  highland  looks  the  widest  ? 
Which  part  looks  the  highest  ? 

On  which  slope  of  the  Andes  are  there  no  long 
rivers  ?     Why  ?     Find  cape  Horn  on  the  map. 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Panama? 


53.    Amazon  River. 

What  large  river  near  the  equator  flows 
towards  the  east  ?  Where  does  the  Ama- 
zon river  rise  ?  Would  you  like  to  sail  up 
the  Amazon  river  ?  What  large  trees  grow 
along  the  banks  !  Long  vines  hang  from 
the  branches,  and  weave  thick  nets. 

The  river  is  very  wide,  and  many  little 
bays  indent  its  banks.  Let  us  enter  one  of 
them.  Tall  reeds  line  the  banks,  and  grow 
far  out  in  the  shallow,  muddy  water.  Beauti- 
ful birds  flit  about.  Noisy  parrots  scream 
at  us,  and  many  monkeys  chatter  as  we  pass. 

See  the  sleepy  stork  with  long  neck  and 
long  legs.  It  is  standing  on  a  large  lily 
leaf  that  floats  on  the  water.  The  blossom 
of  this  lily  is  as  large  as  the  head  of  a 


barrel.  It  is  pink-white,  with  a  golden  center.  The 
forest  is  so  large  that  we  might  spend  many 
years  following  the  streams  that  wind  through  it. 
We  should  see  wonderful  sights,  —  trees  whose  sap 
is  made  into  rubber,  cat-like  animals  with  bodies 
larger  than  our  own,  and  great  alligators  basking  in 
the  sun. 


Scene  on  the  Amazon. 


34 


HIGHLAND    OF    BRAZIL. 


54.     Highland   of  Brazil. 

A  highland  rises  near  the  east 
coast  and  extends  far  inland. 
This  is  the  highland  of  Brazil. 
It  is  only  about  one  sixth  as  high 
as  the  Andes  highland. 

The  coffee  plant  needs  warm  weather 
and  a  great  deal  of  rain. 

See  the  pretty  white  blossoms  and 
the  little  berries  that  look  like  cherries. 
When  the  berries  turn  dark  red  and 
begin  to  shrivel,  they  are  picked  and  put 
into  a  machine  that  takes  out  the  seeds. 

Each  berry  has  two    seeds.     Before 
the  seeds  are  used,  they  are  baked  and  ground.    Have 
you  ever  seen  a  grocer  grinding  coffee  seeds  ? 

Most  of  the  coffee  used  in  our  country  is  raised  on 
the  highland  of  Brazil. 

55.     Pampas. 

Where  is  the  Plata  river  ?  In  what  direction  does 
the  Plata  basin  slope  ? 

Which  is  the  larger,  the  basin  of  the  Amazon  or 
that  of  the  Plata  ? 

What  highland  divides  the  streams  of  these  basins  ? 

The  greater  part  of  the  Plata  valley  is  a  vast 

plain.  Its  soil  is 
deep  and  rich. 
During  the 
wet  season, 
many  parts  of 
this  plain  are 
covered  with 
tall,  coarse 
grass,  above 
which  wave 
white  silky 
plumes.  The 
grassy  plains 
of  the  Plata 
valley  are 
called  pampas. 
Large  herds 

Pampas  Crass.  0I      CattlC     aiHl 


Coffee  Plantation. 

sheep  graze  in  this  wide  valley,  and  many 
miles  of  the  rich  soil  are  planted  with  grain. 
Where  is  the  Orinoco  river? 

A  large  part  of  the  Orinoco  valley  consists 
of  wide,  grassy  plains,  called  llanos.  Large 
herds  of  cattle  graze  on  the  llanos. 

56.     Isthmus  of  Panama. 

This  village  is  on  the  slender  neck  of  land  that 
connects  the  two  Americas.  What  is  the  name  of 
this  isthmus  ? 

Describe  the  houses  shown  in  the  picture  of  the 
Panama  village. 

A  person  on  horseback  can  cross  the  isthmus  of 
Panama  in  a  day,  but  the  ride  over  the  hills  is  a  long 
and  hard  one. 

There  is  a  railroad  across  this  isthmus. 


A  Panama  VUlage. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


57.    Surface  of  North  America. 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Mexico  ? x 

West  of  this  gulf  lies  the  plateau  of  Mexico. 
It  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.      High  ranges  of  mountains  lie 

along   its   borders    and    steep     

slopes  descend  from  them  to 
the  shores. 

Between  the  isthmus  of 
Panama  and  the  plateau  of 
Mexico  the  world  ridge  is  low. 
Low  ranges  lie  along  this  part 
of  the  Pacific  coast. 

North  of  the  plateau  of 
Mexico  lies  the  Great  Basin. 
It  is  a  wide  plateau,  crossed 
by  many  ranges  and  cut  by 
many  valleys. 

In  most  places  the  Great 


Water  is  led  to  them  from  the  mountains, 
and  around  them  spread  many  fertile 
gardens. 

Northward  from  the  Great  Basin  the  world 
ridge  is  lower  and  narrower. 


Basin  is  very  dry.  Its  surface  is  nearly  a  mde 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  border  ranges 
shut  out  most  of  the  rain  clouds. 

In    this    basin    lies   the    Great    Salt   lake. 
Near    its     shores     there    are     large     cities. 

1  See  map  on  page  37. 


The  Yukon  river  is  in  the  far  north,  and 
flows  through  a  very  cold  country.  Snow 
and  ice  cover  the  ground  during  a  large  part 
of  the  year. 

The  long  slope  of  North  America  is  on  the 
east  of  the  Rocky  mountain  highland. 


RELIEF     MAP     OP     NORTH     AMERICA. 


UNITED    STATES. 


37 


\^V  /,  A    B    C    T    I 


KORTH  AMERICA 

KEY  TO  RELIEF  MAP 


58.    Map  Studies. 

Find  on  the  map  the  place  where  you  live. 
What  oceans  border  on  North  America  ? 
Which  part  of  the  world  ridge  is  in  North  America? 
Along  which  coast  does  it  lie  ? 


What  does  the  relief  map  tell  you  about  North 
America  ? 

The  children  in  the  picture  live  on  the  plateau  of 
Mexico.  Can  you  tell  whether  their  home  is  in  a 
warm  place  or  in  a  cold  one  ? 

What  kind  of  clothing  do  these  children  wear  ? 
Of  what  are  the  huts  made  ? 

This  picture  shows  only  country  life.  On  some 
parts  of  the  plateau  of  Mexico  there  are  large  towns 
and  cities. 

59.    The  Rocky  Mountains. 


Where  are  the  Rocky  mountains  ? 
tion  do   they 


In  what  direc- 


Mexlcan   Children. 


The  lofty 
range  of 
the  Rocky 
mountains 
runs  along 
the  eastern 
border  of  a 
part  of  the 
world  ridge. 

Do  you  not  think  that  this  is  a  very  heavy  load  for 
a  little  animal?  What  tools  has  he  on  his  back? 
Can  you  tell  what  each  tool  is  used  for  ? 


. 


38 


UNITED    STATES. 


Canyon  of  Colorado. 

Do  you  remember  our  long  ride  in  the  cars  across 
the  world  ridge  ?  We  climbed  into  high  passes,  and 
rode  through  deep  canyons.  In  places  the  road  led 
along  the  sides  of  steep  cliffs  and  across  long  bridges. 
Of  course  no  wagons  could  cross  those  rough  places. 

Here  the  little  donkey  proves  his  worth.  He  can 
climb  rocky  paths  and  is  not  afraid  to  walk  along  the 
sides  of  steep  cliffs.  His  slender  legs  are  very  strong, 
and  he  can  carry  a  heavy  load  up  the  mountain  sides. 

The  donkey  in  the  picture  carried  tools  and  food 
for  men  who  built  a  railroad  to  the  top  of  a  high 
mountain,  called  Pikes  peak. 

60.     Colorado  Canyon. 

Where  is  the  Great  Basin  ?  What  mountains  are 
east  of  the  Great  Basin  ?     What  range  is  west  of  it  ? 

What  river  basin  lies  south  of  the  Great  Basin  ? 
What  river  is  on  the  north  ? 

The  Colorado  river  is  noted  for  the  deep  valley 
which  it  lias  worn.  In  some  places  this  stream  flows 
between  steep  banks  of  solid  rock,  more  than  a  mile 
in  height, 


Many  of  the  branches  of  the  Colorado  river  have  also  cut 
deep  can3'ons  in  the  rock. 

In  some  places  the  land  south  of   the  Colorado 

river  looks  like  that  in  the  picture  below.    The 

valleys  or  canyons,  are  deep  and  wide.     The 

soil  is    poor,  but  it  supports  enough  grass 

to  feed  thousands  of  cattle. 

In  the  rainy  months  large  streams  rush 

through  some  of  these  canyons, but  when 

the  rain  is  over,  the  beds  of  the  rivers 

are  dry  and  sandy. 

61.    The  Height  of  Land. 

Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ?     How 
many  of  these  lakes  are  there  ? 
What  large  river  flows  from  one  of  the 
lakes  ? 

About    halfway  between  the  gulf  of 

Mexico  and  the  Arctic  ocean  a  low  swell 

of   land    runs   eastward   from   the  Rocky 

mountains.     It  is  called  the  Height  of  Land. 

Some  parts  of  the  Height  of  Land  are  hilly, 

but  in  most  places  the  land  slopes  so  gently 

that  it  looks  level. 

The  Great  Lakes  are  in  a  chain  of  valleys 
on  the  southeast  slope  of  the  Height  of  Land. 
The  St.  Lawrence  river  flows  from  the  lowest 
of  the  lakes. 

The  Niagara  river  flows  from  lake  Erie  to 
lake  Ontario.  This  stream  is  noted  for  the 
grand  falls  which  are  about  midway  between  the 
lakes.     See  map,  page  90. 


Canyon  In  Arizona. 


UNITED    STATES. 


39 


Just  above  the  falls  of  Niagara  the 
river  is  about  a  mile  wide.  Below  this 
point  the  stream  narrows  and  plunges 
over  a  precipice  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  in  height. 

Below  the  falls  the  river  flows  in  a 
wide,  rocky  gorge. 

The  water  that  in  a  single  minute 
makes  the  leap  of  Niagara  would  fill  a 
box  fifty  feet  wide,  fifty  feet  high  and 
more  than  a  mile  long. 

A  canal  has  been  made  between  lake 
Erie  and  lake  Ontario,  and  ships  can 
go  back  and  forth,  without  sailing  upon 
the  Niagara  river. 

62.     The  Mississippi  Basin. 

What  large  river  basin  is  south  of 
the  Height  of  Land  ? 

In  what  general  direction  does  this 
basin  slope  ? 

Into  what  body  of  water  does  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  flow  ? 

What  bounds  the  basin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi on  the  west  ?     On  the  east  ? 

Where  is  the  Ohio  river  ? 

What  large  river  from  the  west  flows 
into  the  Mississippi  ?  Where  does  the 
Missouri  river  rise  ? 


Niagara  Falls. 

In  what  direction  does  the  Ohio  river  flow  ? 
Into  what  does  it  flow  ? 

Where  are  the  prairies  ?  Where  are 
the  Western  plains  ?  Where  are 
the  Southern  plains  ? 

The  vast  plains  that  spread 
round  the  Great  Lakes  on  nearly 
all  sides  are  called  prairies.  The 
soil  in  most  places  is  deep  and 
fertile. 

Mile  after  mile  of  nodding 
cornflower,  mile  after  mile  of 
waving  wheat,  grassy  fields 
dotted  with  sleek  cattle,  —  these 
are  some  of  the  sights  on  the 
prairies  in  summer. 

Mile    after   mile    of    drifting 
snow,  mile  after  mile  of  frozen 
streams,  —  these  are  some  of  the  sights  on  the  prairie  in  winter. 


40 


UNITED    STATES. 


The  Southern  plains  are  very  fertile,  and  they  are 
warmer  than  the  prairies.  A  great  deal  of  corn  is 
raised  on  these  plains.  Here  are  also  vast  fields  of 
cotton.  What  have  you  learned  about  the  growth 
of  this  useful  plant  ? 


Going  to  Market. 

Perhaps  some  of  the  clothing  which  you  now  wear 
is  made  of  cotton  that  grew  on  the  Southern  plains. 
What  have  you  read  about  the  Western  plains  ? 

63.    North  of  the  Height  of  Land. 

Where  is  Hudson  bay  ?  A  large 
river  flows  into  Hudson  bay,  and 
another  flows  into  the  Arctic 
ocean. 

The  basins  of  these  rivers  are 
mostly  in  cold  regions. 

Northwest  of  the  Great  Lakes 
there  are  broad  prairies,  with 
many  rich  grainfields. 


64.    Appalachian   Highland. 

What  highland  is  on  the  east  of  the 
Mississippi  basin  ?  Is  it  higher  or 
lower  than  the  Rocky  mountain  high- 
land ? 

Why  are  there  no  very  large  rivers 
east  of  the   Appalachian  highland? 

The  mountains  of  the  Appalachian  high- 
land are  not  very  high.  They  consist  chiefly 
of  long  rounded  ridges  or  folds. 


65.    Atlantic    Slope. 

Many  short  rivers  flow  across  the  narrow 
plains  east  of  the  Appalachian  highland.  Some 
of  these  streams  are  deep  enough  to  float  large 
vessels.  The  slope  east  of  the  Appalachian 
highland  is  called  the  Atlantic  slojie. 

Where  is  the  Hudson  river  ? 

The  largest  city  in  America  is  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  river. 

Find  out  at  home  all  you  can  about  this  city,  —  its 
long  bridge,  its  great  statue,  its  bay  and  its  park. 

66.    Pacific   Slope. 

The  slopes  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Cascade  ranges  are  short,  and  some  of  them 
are  very  fertile.  A  low  range  lies  near  the 
shore  of  the  Pacific.  It  is  called  the  Coast 
range. 

The  picture  on  page  9  shows  a  very  small  part  of 
the  Pacific  highland.  This  part  is  not  very  far  from 
the  southern  end  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  range. 


Orange  Grove. 

Many  beautiful  groves  of  oranges  and  lemons  grow 
in  these  warm  valleys,  along  the  foot  of  the  ranges. 

The  region  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Cascade  ranges  is  part  of  the  Pacific  slope. 


67.    Surface  of  Asia. 

Asia  is  the  largest  of  the 
grand  divisions.  Its  area  is 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  America. 

The  highland  of  Tibet  is  the 
highest  part  of  the  world  ridge. 
Its  plateau  is  nearly  three  miles 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  some 
peaks  are  almost  as  high  again. 


of  its 


'Working    Elephant. 


The  giant  range  of  Himalaya  mountains 
rises  at  the  southern  edge  of  Tibet.  The 
word  Himalaya  means  the  abode  of  snoiv. 
Even  during  the  hottest  part  of  summer  a 
white  mantle  covers  this  range  for  a  distance 
of  about  two  miles  from  its  crest. 

Mt.  Everest,  in  the  Himalaya  range,  is 
thought  to  be  the  highest  peak  on  earth.  It 
rises  five  miles  and  a  half  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

On  the  north,  east  and  south,  vast  slopes 
stretch  away  from  Tibet.  They  form  wide 
plains  along  the  shores  of  three  oceans. 

The  pictures  show  a  Himalaya  peak,  a 
group  of  natives  on  the  tundras  and  a  bath- 
ing scene  in  a  large  river  south  of  Tibet. 

What  is  the  elephant  doing? 


i 

s 


a 


ARCTIC    SLOPE. 


43 


68.  Map  Studies. 

What  oceans  lie  between  North  America  and  Asia  ? 

What  ocean  is  south  of  Asia  ? 

Where  is  the  highland  of  Tibet  ?  On  which  side  of 
Tibet  is  the  longest  slope  ? 

In  what  direction  would  you  have  to  travel  from 
your  home  to  reach  Asia  ? 

What  strait  separates  North  America  from  Asia  ? 

Look  at  the  relief  map,  and  describe  Asia. 

69.  Arctic   Slope. 

The  longest  slope  in  Asia  extends  north- 
ward to  the  Arctic  coast.  A  large  portion 
of  this  slope  is  a  vast  low  plain,  and  is  crossed 
by  several  large  rivers. 

During  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the 
Arctic  coast  of  Asia  is  icebound.  The 
ice  then  reaches  from  the  shore  to  the  north 
pole. 

What  have  you  read  about  the  tundras? 
Where  are  they  ? 

A  dense  forest  covers  a  large  part  of  the  plain  south 
of  the  tundras.  In  this  forest  live  many  little  ani- 
mals that  are  hunted  for  their  thick  fur. 

Here  is  found  the  cunning  beaver.  It  feeds  on 
berries,  leaves  and  bark.  The  beaver  builds  its  hut 
at  the  edge  of  a  river  or  lake. 


Do  you  know  any  stories  about  beavers?  Have 
you  ever  seen  any  beaver  fur  ? 

The  elk  is  a  very  large  kind  of  deer  that  is  found 
in  the  northern  parts  of  Asia  and  Europe. 

70.     Caspian  Basin. 

Where  is  the  Caspian  sea  ?  Can  you  find  any 
streams  flowing  from  this  sea  to  the  ocean  ? 

The  great  plains  around  the  Caspian  sea 
send  no  rivers  to  the  ocean.  These  plains 
are  mostly  level 
and  grassy,  like 
the  pampas  or 
prairies.  They  are 
called  steppes. 


44 


PLAIXS    OF    CHINA. 


Large  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  graze  on 
the  steppes. 

The  Caspian  sea  has  no  outlet,  and  it  is 
therefore  salt.       Several 
,,  -, ;  lars;e  rivers  flow  into  this 

great  inland  sea. 


far 


Tea  Farm. 

71.    Plains  of  China. 

The  most  important  slopes  of  Asia  are 
east  and  south  of  Tibet.  On  the  east  lie 
the  plains  of  China,  sloping  to 
the  Pacific  ocean. 

The  tea  plant  grows  on  the  plains  of 
China,  east  of  Tibet.  It  has  a  pretty 
white  blossom,  with  a  yellow  center. 

This  plant  is  raised  for  its  leaves. 
Several  times  a  year  the  new  leaves  are 
picked  and  baked.  They  are  then  sent 
to  people  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

When  fresh  tea  leaves  are  roasted 
quickly  they  form  green  tea.  When 
dried  in  the  sun  and  then  roasted  they 
form  black  tea.  If  you  will  unroll  a 
piece  of  coarse  tea  grounds  you  will 
see  a  tea  leaf. 


72.    The  Ganges  Basin. 

The  warm  slopes  of  the  Ganges  basin  lie 

south  of  Tibet.     In  what  direction  does  the 

Ganges  river  flow  ?     Where  does  it  rise  ? 

The  Ganges  river  flows  from  melting  ice  and  snow, 

up    on  the   side   of    the    Himalaya   mountains. 

Countless  little  streams  rise  near  by  and 

flow  to  join  the  Ganges. 

This  river  enters  the  sea  through  a 
great  delta  which  swarms  with  people. 
The  soil  of  the  delta  is  very  rich,  and 
here  may  be  seen  acres  and  acres  of  flat 
rice  fields,  with  groves  of  bamboo  and 
cocoanut  trees. 

One  of  the  most  useful  products  of 
doutheast  Asia  is  bamboo.  This  is  a 
coarse  grass,  growing  to  the  height  of 
from  fifty  to  seventy  feet. 

The  seeds  and  tender  shoots  of  the 
bamboo  are  used  for  food.  The  hollow 
stems  make  good  water  pipes. 

Strips  of  the  stem  are  used  in  mak- 
ing baskets,  chairs,  beds,  boats  and 
weapons. 

Strong   fibres   of   bamboo   are   woven 

into  cloth  and  twisted  into  rope.     The 

hull,  ropes  and  sails  of  the  vessel  shown 

were  all   made    of   this   useful    plant. 

Many  of  the  native  huts  are  made  of  bamboo,  with 

dried   grass    for   roofs.      Groups  of   such    huts   are 

often  hidden  by  groves. 


on   page    i ! 


A  Village  near  the  Ganges. 


EUROPE. 


73.    Surface  of  Europe. 

Europe  lies  west  of  Asia. 

The  greater  part  of  southwest  Europe  con- 
sists  of    low  plateaus    and 
high  ranges.    This  region  is 
known  as  High,  Europe. 


tops  of  some  of  the  peaks  are  buried  in  snow 
and  ice  all  the  year.  Long  rivers  of  ice  creep 
down  the  sides  of  the  mountains,  and  melt, 
thus  forming  beautiful  streams  and  lakes. 


Low    Europe 
includes  the  vast 
plains    that    lie 
north  and  northeast  of  High  Europe. 

Where  is  the  Swiss  highland  ?     Where  are 
the  Alps  ? 

The  Swiss  plateau  is  low,  but  the  ranges 
that  rise  above  it  are  high  and  rocky. 
The  Alps  are  famous  for  their  beauty.    The 


In  summer,  herds  of 
cattle  and  flocks  of 
goats  feed  on  the  high 
slopes,  but  as  the 
snowcap  widens  on  the 
ranges,  the  animals  are 
driven  into  the  lower 
valleys. 

High  Europe  is  cut 
off  from  southwest  Asia 
by  the  Black  sea  and 
its  outlet. 

A  very  old  myth  tells  of  a  pretty  maid,  named  Io, 
who  was  changed  into  a  heifer,  to  conceal  her  from 
an  angry  goddess.  Io  swam  the  strait  that  forms 
the  outlet  of  the  Black  sea. 

The  strait  took  its  name  from  this  story,  for  the 
word  Bosphorus  means  heifer's  ford. 

At  its  narrowest  part,  the  strait  of  Bosphoras  is 
only  a  few  hundred  feet  wide. 

The  great  city  of  Constantinople  is  built  near  this 
strait.     See  colored  map  of  Europe. 


H 

a 
o 
i 

D 
H 

Hi 

0 


SWISS   HIGHLAND. 


47 


^FaiTr^^^l 


74.    Map  Studies. 

Look  at  the  relief  map,  and  describe  Europe.  State 
■where  it  is  ;  what  large  bodies  of  water  surround  it ; 
where  its  highlands  and  lowlands  are,  etc. 

On  which  side  of  the  world  ridge  is  Europe  ? 

75.    Slopes  from  the  Swiss  Highland. 

The  slopes  that  extend  from  the  Swiss  high- 
land to  the  sea  are  short,  and  the  river  basins 
are  small. 

Where  does  the  Danube  river  rise?  In  what 
direction  does  its  basin  slope  ?  Into  what  sea  does 
the  river  flow  ? 

Where  does  the  Rhine  river  rise?1 
In  what  direction  does  its  basin  slope  ? 

What  long  peninsula  is  south  of  the 
Swiss  plateau?  Where  is  the  Spanish 
peninsula  ? 

The  strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the 
Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Mediterranean 
sea.  Near  this  strait  a  huge  mass  of 
rock  rises  on  the  coast  of  Spain. 

Erom  a  distance  this  rock  of  Gibraltar 
looks  bleak  and  barren.  A  nearer  view 
shows  many  grassy  slopes,  with  groves 
of  olive  and  orange  trees. 

At  times  wild  flowers  cover  many  parts  of  the  rock. 
The  deep  caves  that  run  through  nearly  every  part 

1  See  pictures  of  the  Rhine  on  page  14. 

2  Gibraltar  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 


of  this  great  mass  have  given  it  the  name  "  hill  of 
caves." 

In  these  great  hollows  the  rock  has  been  changed 
to  icicle-forms  of  great  size  and  beauty.  Some  of 
these  look  like  animals,  and  others  look  like  forests 
of  marble,  rising  to  the  roofs. 

A  few  small  apes  live  on  the  highest  parts  of 
Gibraltar.  They  often  injure  the  fruits,  but  nobody 
tries  to  harm  the  little  creatures. 

Gibraltar  is  a  strong  fortress.2  On  some  parts  of 
the  rock  cannon  bristle  at  every  point. 

The  small  building  on  the  very 
>p  of  the  rock  is  a  signal  station. 
7hj  was  it  built  so  high  ? 

Find  the  strait  of 
Gibraltar  on  the  col- 
ored map  of  Europe. 


Rock  of  Gibraltar. 


48 


BRITISH    ISLES. 


76.     Russian  Plain. 

Where    are   the  Valdai   hills  ?      Where    does   the 
Volga  river  rise  ?    Into  what  sea  does  the  Volga  flow  ? 

The  Valdai  hills  rise  only  a  little  above  the 

great  jDlain  of  Europe.  They  __„  ,  - 

contain  the  sources  of 
many  large  streams 

The  Volga  river 
rises  in  a  marsh 
in   the  hill   re- 
gion, and  flows 
into    the    Cas- 
pian sea.    The 
basin   of   the 
Volga  is  the 
largest  river  basin 
in   Europe,   but   it 
is  not  one  half  so  large 
as  that  of  the  Mississippi 

What  seas  receive  streams 
from  the  region  of  the  Valdai  hills  ? 


The  Caspian  sea  is  often  swept  by  cold  winds  from 
the  north.  In  winter  the  mouth  of  the  Volga  is 
closed  by  ice.  During  the  open  season  many  vessels 
trade  at  the  ports  by  the  sea  and  on  the  rivers. 

The  Caspian   sea  and   the  streams  that  flow  into 

r-j, — „ it  are  very  rich  in  fish.     Among 

these  is  the  sturgeon. 

This  fish  often  grows  to 
the  length  of  ten  feet. 
Part  of  its  body  is 
covered  with  bony 
plates.    Its  mouth 
is  small  and  tooth- 
less, and  is  under 
the  long  snout. 
Many     thousand 
people  earn  their 
living  by  catching 
W     fish  in  this  sea  and 
in    the   streams    that 
flow  into  it. 


Sturgeon  Fishing. 


78.    British  Isles. 


The  vast  plain  that  spreads  round  the  Valdai  hills 
is  crossed  by  a  network  of  canals.  These  connect 
with  the  rivers,  and  form  the  main  highways  of 
trade. 

The  canals  reach  lumber  and  fur  regions  on  the 
north,  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  moun- 
tains that  lie  to  the  east,  and  fertile  grainfields  on 
all  sides. 

In  return  for  the  products  of  these  regions,  the 
canals  carry  cloth,  tea,  sugar  and  farming  tools  to 
the  people  of  the  plain. 

77.    The   Caspian  Sea. 

The  Caspian  sea  is  the  largest  body  of  water 
having    no    outlet   to    the    ocean. 
Its  area  is  much  larger  than  that 
of     the    Great     Lakes    of    North 
America. 

The  Caspian  sea  is  salt,  and  its 
surface  is  a  little  below  the  level 
of  the  ocean. 


What  islands  are  west  of  the  mainland  of 
Europe  ? 
A  few  low  ranges  cross  the  British  Isles. 

These  are  the  most  important  islands  on  earth. 
The  trade  between  the  people  of  the  British  Isles 
and  of  the  United  States  is  very  large. 

Ben-Nevis  is  the  highest  mountain  in  the  British 
Isles.     Find  it  on  the  key  map,  page  47. 


Ben-Nevis,  Scotland. 


A  Highland  Cottage. 


AFEICA. 


79.     Surface  of  Africa. 

A  part  of  the  world  ridge  extends  along 
the  eastern  side  of  Africa. 

Nearly  all  Africa  is  a  plateau.  The  northern 
half  is  not  so  high  as  the  southern. 


also  is  in  middle  Africa.    The  main  slope  of 
this  basin  is  towards  the  west. 

Nearly  all  the  northern  part  of  Africa  is  a 
vast  desert.  It  is  called  the  desert  of  Sahara. 
Which  picture  on  this  page  shows  a  part  of 
the  desert? 


Ranges  of  mountains  lie  near  the 
greater  part  of  the  coast.  Between 
these  ranges  and  the  sea  there  are  low, 
narrow  plains. 

The  highest  parts'  of  Africa  are  in 
the  east  and  south. 

Where  is  the  highland  of  Abyssinia? 
What  have  you  read  aboiit  a  great 
mountain  south  of  this  region  ?  The 
highland  of  Abyssinia  is  about  as 
lofty  as  that  of  Mexico. 

Africa  has  several  very  large  river 
basins.  Among  these  are  the  Nile 
and  the  Kongo. 

The  upper  part  of  the  Nile  basin  is  in  the 
plateau  of  middle  Africa.  This  basin  is  long 
and  narrow,  and  it  slopes  to  the  north. 

The    upper   portion    of    the   Kongo    basin 


Africa  is  a  land  of  large  and  fierce  animals. 
On  page  85  there  are  pictures  of  some  of 
these  ? 

Find  the  Atlas  mountains  on  the  colored 
map  of  Africa. 


RELIEF    MAP    OF    AFRICA. 


THE    RIVER    NLLE. 


51 


AFKICA 

KB'  TO  fffiUEF  MSB 


80.    Map  Studies. 

What  bodies  of  water  surround  Africa  ? 

Look  at  the  relief  map,  and  describe  Africa. 

What  isthmus  joins  Asia  and  Africa  ? 

A  great  ship  canal  has  been  dug  across  the  isthmus 
of   Suez.     Thou- 
sands of  steamers 
pass   through   it 
every  year. 

Before  the  Suez 
canal  was  made, 
the  water  route 
from  Europe  to 
southeast  Asia 
led  round  the 
southern  end  of 
Africa.  This 
canal  cuts  off 
about    one    half 

the  distance.  Two  Views  ol  the  Suez  Canal. 

What  seas  are  joined  by  the  Suez  canal?     Does 
the  land  near  the  canal  look  fertile  or  barren  ? 


81.     The  River  Nile. 

Where  does  the  Nile  river  rise  ?  In  what  direction 
does  its  basin  slope  ?  Into  what  sea  does  the  river 
flow? 


Every  summer  the  Nile  overflows  its  banks.  The 
water  comes  from  great  lakes  near  the  middle  of 
Africa  and  from  rainfall  on  the  mountains  of  Abys- 
sinia. 

At   this   time   hundreds   of   muddy  streams   flow 

down  the  steep  slopes,  and  swell  the  branches  of  the 

Nile.     The  river  rushes  and  foams  over  the  rough 

places    in    its    bed,    and    the 

muddy  water  rises  higher  and 

higher. 

In  its  lower  part  the  Nile 
flows  through  a  long  valley 
that  is  only  a  few  miles  wide. 
The  valley  is  shut  in  between 
high  cliffs.  A  vast  desert 
stretches  away  beyond  the 
cliffs,  on  both  sides. 


**l^m  - 


52 


OASIS    IN    THE    DESERT. 


Day  after  day  the 
river  creeps  farther 
from  its  banks.  Wider 
and  wider  flows  the 
stream.  It  covers  the 
fields,  and  looks  like  a 
vast  lake. 


At  length  the  river  begins  to  grow  smaller.  Weeks 
pass,  and  now  it  flows  again  in  its  narrow  bed. 

The  water  has  left  a  thin  coating  of  soil  on  the 
banks.  The  land  is  ready  for  seeds,  and  the  long 
valley  will  soon  be  covered  with  grain.  There  will 
be  food  for  the  next  dry  season. 

Thus  the  high  slopes  supply  soil  for  plants,  and 
it  is  carried  down  by  the  great  river  Nile,  just  as  it 
is  by  tiny  rills  and  brooks. 

82.    Oasis  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara. 

What  have  you  read  about  the  great  desert  ? 

What  rivei 
flows  across  its 
eastern  part  ? 


What  sea  lies  east  of  the  desert  ?  What  ocean  is 
on  the  west  ? 

In  some  parts  of  the  great  desert  there  are  springs 
of  fresh  water.  After  days  of  hot  and  dusty  travel, 
how  glad  the  thirsty  people  and  camels  are  to  reach 
a  spring  !     Here  they  find  rest. 

Villages  grow  up  near  these 
springs.  Date  trees  are  planted, 
and  soon  bear  clusters  of  sweet 
fruit. 

Dates  are  the  chief  food  of 
many  people  who  live  in  hot 
deserts.  Some  of  the  fruit 
is  pounded  and  pressed  into 
cakes.  Camels  and  horses  are 
sometimes  fed  on  dates. 

A  fertile  spot  in  a  desert 
The  vast   barren  tract  in  the 


Low  and  High  Nile. 

is  called   an    oasis. 

north  of  Africa  is  the  desert  of  Sahara. 


•-•>'  v> 


Cape  Town. 


An  Oasis. 


83.     Kongo   Basin. 

It  is  thought  that  the  basin  of  the  Kongo 
is  about 
equal  in 
area  to  that 
of  the  Mis- 
sissipp  i. 
The  Kongo 
river  flows 
on  a  pla- 
teau till  it 
reaches  the 

range  near  the  west  coast.    There  it  rushes 
through   the    mountains,   and   flows    into 
the  low  plains  that  lie  along 
the  shore. 

Vessels  cannot  sail  very  far 

up    the    Kongo.       For    this 

reason    there    is   very   little 

trading  done  with  the  negroes 

who  live  in  the  Kongo  basin. 

The  world    ridge  ends  near  the 

cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Find  Cape  Town  on  the  colored 

map  of  Africa. 


53 


AUSTRALIA. 


84.     Surface  of  Australia. 


Australia  is 
divisions.  •  Its 
third  that  of  North  America. 


the    smallest    of 
area   is    equal   to 


the    grand 
about    one 


The    largest    river    basin    in    Australia   is 

that    of    the    Murray.     It    is   thought  to  be 

nearly  one  half  as  large  as  the  basin  of  the 

Mississippi. 

Where    does    the    Murray    river   rise?     In 

what  direction  does  its 

basin  slope  ? 

A  group  of  large  is- 
lands, called  New  Zea- 
and,  lies  southeast  of 


Hot  Springs, 

New  Zealand. 

Ranges  of  moun- 
tains lie  along  the 
coast,  except  on 
the  south.  Broad 
plains  cover  a  large 
part  of  middle 
Australia.  In  many 
places  these  plains 
are  dry  and  sandy. 

None  of  the 
ranges  in  Australia  are  very  high.  The  main 
range  lies  along;  the  shore  of  the  Pacific 
ocean.  This  range  is  highest  near  its  southern 
end. 

The  mountains  along;  the  north  and  west 
•coasts  are  in  low  and  broken  ranges.  In 
places  they  are  but  little  more  than  hills. 


Tree  Ferns. 


Many  strange  animals  are  found  in  Australia. 
Among  these  is  the  kangaroo.  There  is  a  picture 
of  this  animal  on  page  85. 

See  how  large  its  hind  legs  are  !  These  strong  legs 
are  used  in  making  long  leaps. 

The  black  people  of  Australia  eat  the  flesh  of  the 
kangaroo.  Many  of  the  skins  are  sent  to  our  country 
to  be  made  into  shoes. 


54 


RELIEF     MAP     OP     AUSTRALIA. 


85.     Map   Studies. 


In  what  direction  from  Asia  is  Australia?  In 
what  direction  is  it  from  Africa?  From  North 
America  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  equator  is  Australia  ?  On 
which  side  of  the  world  ridge  is^  it  ?     What  bodies  of 

water  surround 
this  grand  divi- 
sion ?  Describe 
the  surface  of 
Australia. 

What  large  is- 
land is  north  of 
Australia  ? 

How  does  this 
grand  division 
compare  in  area 
with  South 
America  ? 


AUSTRALIA 

KEVTO  RELIEF  MAP 


55 


PEOPLE. 


86.    The  Kongo  Boy. 

This  tall  hut  is  the  home  of  little  Tibbu.  It  is 
near  the  great  river  Kongo.  Find  this  river  on 
the  map,  page  51. 


baboons  away  from  the  cornfield,  and  so  he  sets  out 
early  with  his  little  bow  and  arrows.  He  will 
not  be  lonely,  for  he  will  make  a  play-hut,  just 
like  the  one  in  which  he  sleeps. 

Shall  we  watch  him  make  the  hut?  First  he 
breaks  off  many  strong  reeds,  and  sets  them  in 
a  circle  in  the  ground.  Then  he  ties  others 
together  to  form  the  roof.  He  has  no  string, 
but  he  uses  long  grasses  in  its  place. 


Now  he  ties  bunches  of  grass  all  over  the  reeds, 

and  his  hut  is  done.     He  has  left  a  place  for  a 

doorway,  but  there  are  no  windows.     He  needs 

no  chimney,  for  the  fire  is  built  outdoors. 

What  will  Tibbu  put  in  his  hut  ? 
He  is  making  a  pretty  mat  of  grass 
for  a  bed.  Now  he  is  shaping  little 
dishes  in  clay.  He  will  bake  the 
clay  in  a  fire,  and  it  will  become 
very  hard. 

Come,  Tibbu,  it  is  time  to  go 
home.  The  sun  is  low  in  the  sky, 
and  the  lions  and  elephants  will 
soon  come  down  to  the  river  to 
drink.  Take  your  bow  and  arrows, 
and  run  very  fast. 

What    has    Tibbu's    sister    been 

doing  to-day  ?     In  the  morning  she 

pounded   corn   between  two  stones, 

Then  she  helped 

her  mother  make  cloth. 

You  could  never  guess  how  they  made  the  cloth. 

They  soaked  long  strips  of  bark  in  water,  and  then 

pounded   them    till 

they   were    soft. 

When  the  bark  was 

dry,  they  gave  it  to 

the  father  to  make 

into  clothes. 

Would   you  like 

to  know  what  these 

black  children  eat? 

Supper   is    ready  and   here    are    eggs,  fresh  fish 

and  corn  porridge.      When  they  wish  sweet  food, 

they  eat  sugar  cane  or  bananas. 

Everybody  goes  to  bed  at  dark,  for  there  are 

no  lamps  in  the  village.     Isn't  this  a  queer  place  ? 

There  are  no  books  nor  schools,  and  Tibbu  never 

saw  a  picture.    If  you  should  show  him  the  picture 

of  a  Hon,  he  would  not  know  what  it  meant. 


Carrying  Ivory  to  the  Coast 

Tibbu's  face  and  made  meal  for  porridge 
is  black  and  his 
hair  is  woolly. 
All  the  girls  and 
boys  with  whom 
he  plays  are  of 
the  same  color, 
and  have  the 
same  kind  of 
hair. 

To-day  Tibbu 
must  drive  the 


Baboon. 


56 


PEOPLE  OF  THE  BLACK  RACE. 


The  Negro  children  are  veiy  fond  of  music. 
They  keep  time  well,  and  often  make  sounds 
like  birds  and  running  brooks.  They  have  many 
games,  also,  and  like  to  dance  and  play  ball. 

Many  Negroes  have  been  taken  from  their 
homes  in  Africa,  and  sold  as  slaves.  In  our 
own  land  there  are  millions  of  black  people,  but 
they  all  are  free. 


dishes  made  of  baked  clay,  spoons  and  pans  of 
tortoise  shell,  and  skins  tilled  with  milk.  For 
weapons  there  are  clubs,  bows  and  arrows. 

Among  the  Hottentots  women  do  all  the  hard 
work  about  home.  They  help  also  to  tend  the 
cattle  and  sheep. 

The  dress  of  these  people  is  very  simple.     It 


Kallir  Giil  and  I s . 


Many  tribes 
of  people, 
called  Kaf- 
firs, live  in 
the  southern 
part  of  Africa. 
Their  color 
varies  from  red-brown  to  black,  but  they  all 
belong  to  the  black  race. 

The  Kaffirs  make  garden  tools  and  weapons 
of  copper  and  iron.  They  are  a  brave  people,  and 
have  fought  hard  to  prevent  the  white  men  from 
taking  their  lands. 

The  Kaffirs  have  herds  of  cattle,  and  they  raise 
large  crops  of  corn.  Milk  and  corn  are  their  chief 
articles  of  food. 

Let  us  look  into  this  Hottentot  hut.     Here  are 


Kafllr  Huts. 

consists  of  the  skin  of  some  animal,  wrapped  about 
the  body.  Chiefs  wear  the  skins  of  wild  animals, 
but  the  common  people  wear  only  sheepskins. 

The  Hottentots  live  in  southern  Africa.  They 
often  move  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  grass 
for  their  cattle  and  sheep.  This  is  one  reason 
why  they  dwell  in  tents. 

Many  white  people  have  now  settled  in  southern 
Africa.  These  have  taught  the  tribes  near  them 
how  to  make  better  homes  and  to  use  better  weap- 
ons.    Other  tribes  still  live  in  their  wild  state. 

Does  Tibbu  live  in  a  warm  land  or  in  a  cold  one? 

Name  some  of  the  plants  that  grow  in  the  Kongo  basin. 

Name  some  of  the  animals  that  are  found  there. 

Describe  the  hut  which  Tibbu  made. 

Can  you  tell  what  the  Kaffir  huts  are  made  of? 

Tell  how  the  Hottentot  hut  is  made. 


PEOPLE  OP  THE  YELLOW  RACE. 


57 


87.    Japan  and  its  People. 

To-day  we  will  visit  the  homes  of  the  little 
yellow  people  who  live  on  the  islands  east  of  Asia. 

The  girls  and  boys  of  Japan  have  round  faces, 
bright    black  eyes  and  pearly  teeth. 
They  often  have  ruddy  cheeks,  though 
their  skin  is  brownish  yellow. 

It  will  puzzle  you  at  first  to  know 
which  are  boys,  for  they  dress  nearly 
like  girls.  Look  closely  and  you  will 
see  that  the  boys'  heads  are  shaved 
almost  bare,  while  the  girls' 
hair  is  twisted  into  all  sorts 
of  odd  shapes. 

What  large  sleeves  !  Let 
us  look  inside  one  of  them. 
It  is  used  as  a  pocket,  and 
here  are  dolls,  tops,  small 
kites  and  many  other  toys. 
How  would  you  like  to  wear 
a  pair  of  their  shoes  ?  They 
are  simply  wooden  soles  tied 
on  with  strings.  These  shoes 
are  not  worn  in  the  house,  but 
are  slipped  off  at  the  door. 

The  fathers  and  mothers  of 
Japan  do  a  great  deal  to  make 
the  children  happy.  You 
should  be  there  on  the  day 
which  is  set  apart  for  the 
"feast  of  the  dolls." 

Every  girl  has  a  set  of 
dolls.  Perhaps  her  mother 
used  some  of  them  years  ago, 
but  they  are  very  pretty. 
Here  is  one  that  looks  like 
the  Mikado,  or  ruler  of 
Japan.  This  one  looks  like 
his  wife,  and  there  are  many 
other  dolls  like  the  nobles  and  ladies  of  high  rank. 

Each  set  of  dolls  has  a  full  outfit  for  house- 
keeping. Here  are  tiny  wooden  pillows,  soft 
mats  and  tea  sets.  On  this  happy  day  the  whole 
land  is  alive  with  dolls. 


Then  there  is  the  "flag  day"  for  boys.  On 
this  day  every  boy  plays  with  a  set  of  dolls 
dressed  like  soldiers.  Here  are  armies  of  dolls, 
with  flags,  guns,  swords,  cannon  and  pretty 
uniforms.      At    this    time    the    boys    hear    many 

stories  about 
the  great  war- 
riors of  their 
land. 

The   streets 
are  lined  with 
shops  in  which 
toys  are  sold. 
Here  is  a  man 
on  a  street  cor- 
ner, shaping 
animals  out  of 
rice    paste.      The    boys    and 
girls  crowd  around  and  call 
out  the  names,  as  soon  as  they 
guess   what   he    is    making. 
They  know  the  monkey,  wolf, 
bear  and  many  other  animals 
that  are  found  in  Japan,  but 
they  do  not  know  the  sheep. 
This    man    has    an    oven 
which  he  rents  to  boys  and 
girls.     He  gives  them  batter, 
and  they  cook  and  eat  their 
own  little  cakes.     If  you  do 
not  like  battercakes,  he  will 
sell  you  a  cake  that  is  cov- 
ered with  seaweed  and  fish. 

Have  you  found  out  what 
the  girls  in  the  picture  have 
on  their  backs?  They  wish 
to  play,  but  there  are  little 
babies  at  home  who  must  be 
cared  for.  The  girls  tie  the 
babies  upon  their  backs,  and 
are  soon  playing  just  as  hard  as  the  other  children. 
Shall  we  enter  one  of  the  houses  ?  It  is  made 
of  bamboo,  and  has  very  wide  eaves.  See  the  paper ! 
paper  windows,  paper  doors,  paper  fans,  lanterns, 
hats,  cups,  cloaks,  napkins  and  many  other  things. 


Scenes  in  Japan. 


58 


PEOPLE  OF  THE  YELLOW  RACE. 


Isn't  this  a  queer  bed?       "Would  you  like  to 
crawl  into  one  of  the  wadded  quilts,  and  rest  your 


is 


A.  Japanese  Village. 

head  upon  the  wooden  pillow?  This  girl  will 
soon  wake  and  drink  a  cup  of  tea.  Can  you  see 
the  pretty  tea  set  ? 

There  are  no  chairs  in  the  house.  The  Japanese 
sit  on  mats  of  wadded  cloth  or  of  straw.  Sit 
on  a  mat,  and  your  little  friends  will  bring  you  a 
lunch.  There  is  no  table,  but  the  boiled  rice  and 
steaming  tea  will  be  served  on  a  dainty  tray  that 
stands  on  short  legs.  In  some  houses  you  would 
see  meat,  fish,  beans  and  a  grain  called  millet. 

It  would  amuse  you  to  see  the  people  of  Japan 
eat  rice.  Two  slender  chopsticks  of  wood  or  of  ivory 


take  the  place  of  a  spoon  or 
a  fork.  You  would  find  it 
hard  to  get  the  rice  to  your 
mouth,  but  see  the  skill  of 
the  little  yellow  people. 


Chinese  Village 


Peep  into  this  workshop.  Here  is  a  man  who 
making  beautiful  vases  of  clay.  Another  is 
carving  pretty  figures  in  ivory.  A  third  is 
spreading  fine  varnish  over  wood.  Near  by 
there  is  a  room  in  which  soft  silk  is  being 
woven  into  costly  cloth. 

Now  let  us  leave  the  city  and  take  a  trip 
into  the  country.  Climb  into  this  light  cart 
and  away  we  will  go.  There  are  ponies  in 
Japan,  but  most  people  prefer  to  travel  in  the 
way  shown  in  the  picture  on  page  57. 

What  is  this  tall  grass  with  feathery  tops 
and  long  sharp  leaves  ?  It  looks  like  corn 
but  it  is  many  times  as  tall.  This  is  bam- 
boo, of  which  many  of  the  houses  are  made. 
We  know  what  grows  on  the  flat  land,  for 
we  have  seen  pictures  of  fields  of  rice  in  our  own 
country.  But  what 
is  this  shrub  with 
white  flowers  and 
green  leaves  ?  Oh, 
yes,  it  is  tea,  like 
that  we  saw  on  the 
plains  of  China. 

Here  is  a  puzzle  ! 
What  are  these  lit- 
tle white  and  yellow 
rolls?  They  look  like 
birds'  eggs,  but  are 
soft  and  silky. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  spider  spin  its  web  ? 

These  soft  rolls  were  spun  by  silkworms.     They 

made  the  fine  thread,  and  then  wound  themselves 

in  these  glossy  prisons.     It  took  about  three  days 

to  wind  each  silken  case,  or  cocoon,  and 

if  the  thread  were  umvound  it  would 

reach  more  than  two  miles.    Now  you 

know  where  the  people  get  the  silk 

with   which    they    make    thread    and 

cloth. 

Some  of  the  sports  of  the  girls  and 

boys    of    Japan   are    like   your   own. 

They    spin    tops,  walk    on    stilts,  fly 

kites  and  sometimes  roll  snowballs. 

Most  of  the  Japanese  children  are 


»#«§ 


4 


Rain   Coats. 


MALAY    OR    BROWN    PEOPLE. 


59 


always  clean.  They  bathe  in  tubs  of  very  hot 
water,  just  before  going  to  sleep  in  thick  quilts 
that  are  laid  on  the  floor.  They  often  have  two 
or  three  baths  a  day. 

The  people  of  Japan  are  eager  to  learn,  and 
they  have 
very  good 
schools. 

They 
build 
great 
temples 
in  the 
midst  of 
beautiful 
gardens, 
for  they 
are  very 
fond  of 
flowers. 

Shall 
we  follow 
the  girls 
and  boys 
to  one  of 
the  tem- 
ples on  a 
holiday 

or  festival  day?    They  leave  their 
little  shoes  or  clogs  at  the  door, 
enter  the  temple  and  stand  clap- 
ping their   hands    softly.     This  is  the   way  they 
offer  their   childish  prayers.      Then   they  go  out 
and  play  in  the  gardens. 

Before  we  return  home  let  us  spend  a  few  days 
in  China. 

As  we  enter  one  of  the  great  rivers  of  China 
we  see  many  houses  built  on  boats.  On  the 
decks  there  are  small  gardens,  and  also  coops 
for  chickens. 

The  babies  on  these  boats  are  tied  at  the  ends 
of  long  cords,  and  the  little  girls  and  boys  have 
light  gourds  or  pieces  of  hollow  bamboo  tied  upon 
their  shoulders.  The  bamboo  keeps  them  from 
sinking,  when  they  fall  into  the  water. 


The  people  of  China  are  yellow  and  their  eyes 
are  set  aslant.  Some  day  we  shall  learn  more 
about  the  house  boats  and  the  large  cities  of 
this  land. 

Japan  is  part  of  the  continent  of  Asia.  What  ocean  is 
east  of  Japan  ?     See  colored  map  of  Asia. 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  clothing  of  the  people  of 
Japan. 

What  would  you  see  in  a  Japanese  house,  that  you  cannot 
see  in  your  own  home  ? 

Name  some  animals  that  are  found  in  Japan.  Name, 
some  plants  that  grow  there. 

What  articles  are  made  in  the  workshops  of  Japan  ? 

Name  some  of  the  sports  of  Japanese  girls  and  boys. 


Malay  or  Brown  People. 


Perhaps  you  think  that 
this  is  a  little  negro  girl, 
but  she  is  not.  Her  skin 
is  light  brown,  and  her 
hair  is  long  and  straight. 
Can  you  tell  why  her  eyes 


do  not  look  like 
your  own  ? 

This  is  the 
brother  of  the 
little  girl.  Do 
you  not  think 
that  his  eyes  are 
full  of  fun? 

These  little 
people  live  on  the 
island  of  Java,  southeast  of  Asia.  Java  is  a  land 
of  fruit  and  flowers.  It  is  so  beautiful  that  people 
often  call  it  the  "Pearl  of  the  East."  Would 
you  like  to  visit  the  home  of  the  brown  people? 


A  Malay  Boy. 


60 


MALAY    OR    BROWN    PEOPLE. 


Brown  People  ol  Fiji  Islands. 


Here  it  is,  —  a  pretty  hut  in  a  shady  grove.     The 
hut  is  made  of  bamboo. 

Our  little  brown  girl  helps  her  mother  keep 
tliis  hut  very  neat  and  tidy.  She  stuffs  pillows 
with  soft  white  down  that  grows  on  a  tree  near 
by,  and  she  weaves  dried  grasses  into  the  mats 
that  are  used  as 
beds.  Then  she 
covers  them  with 
pretty  cloth. 

Her  brother 
pounds  the  yellow 
husks  off  the  rice 
which  they  will 
have  for  breakfast, 
and  he  gathers  a 
few  cocoanuts  and 
a  bunch  of  ripe 
bananas.  The  fruit 
is  eaten  raw,  but 
the  mother  cooks 
the  rice  till  it  is 
soft  and  white.  Their  only  table  is  a  mat,  and  all 
sit  around  it  on  the  ground  while  eating. 

Now  they  are  ready  for  the  day's  work.  The 
coffee  berries  are  turning  dark  rerl  and  the  father 
says  it  is  time  to  pick  them.  Tnis  will  be  the 
work  of  the  mother  and  the  girl,  for  the  father 
and  the  boy  must  let  water  in  over  the  rice  fields. 

A  coffee  tree  is  a  pretty  sight.  It  has  rich 
gray  bark,  large  green  leaves  and  white  waxy 
blossoms.  In  a  few  months  the  little  seed  pods 
of  the  blossoms  grow  into  clusters  of  red  or 
purple  berries  that  look  like  cherries.  Our  little 
girl  must  be  very  careful,  for  while  the  berries 
are  ripening  other  blossoms  are  growing  on  the 
ends  of  the  new  branches.  These  blossoms  must 
not  be  broken  off. 

The  berries  are  spread  out  to  dry,  then  the 
pulp  is  pounded  or  rolled  off,  and  out  come  the 
coffee  seeds   ready  for  market. 

Java  is  very  near  the  equator,  and  by  ten 
o'clock  the  sun  is  so  hot  that  work  in  the  fields 
is  stopped.  Now  the  brown  people  sit  in  the 
shade  of  palm  trees   and  weave   baskets.     When 


thirst}-  they  break  open  cocoanuts  and  drink  the 
cool  milk  that  is  inside. 

The  father  says  that  snares  must  be  set,  for 
bats  have  been  nibbling  the  corn  and  the  tender 
shoots  of  the  palms.  Have  you  ever  seen  little 
bats  that  look  like  mice  with  wings  ?  Some  of  the 
bats  of  Java  are  very  large  and  are  called  flying 
foxes.  During  the  day  they  hang  in  dark  clusters 
in  trees,  but  in  the  evening  they  flit  about  in 
search  of  food.  This  evening  the  snares  and  nets 
will  be  set  to  catch  some  of  them. 

By  four  o'clock  the  air  is  cooler,  and  the  father 
goes  back  to  the  rice  field.  Now  the  little  girl 
will  help  her  mother  spin  cotton  into  yarn.  Some 
day  they  will  weave  the  yarn  into  cloth,  and 
make   new  clothes   for  the  whole  family. 

What  is  the  little  brown  bojr  doing  ?  There  he 
goes  tripping  across  the  rice  fields  towards  the 
south  shore.  He  knows  of  a  cave  in  which 
many  swallows  build  their  nests,  plastering  them 
upon  rocks.  These  nests  are  made  of  a  glue-like 
substance,  and  a  few  of  them  will  make  soup 
for  supper.  Many  of  these  nests  are  sold  to 
people  of  other  lands. 

Nearly  all  the  girls  and  boys 
of  Java  dress  like  these  in  the 
pictures.  While  working  in  the 
sun  the  boys  often  wear  large 
hats  made  of  very  thin  strips  of 
bamboo. 

The  brown  people  are  called 
JIalai/s.  Most  of  them  live  on 
the  large  group  of  islands  south- 
east of  Asia.  In  some  places  the 
Malays  have  built  cities,  but  the 
white  man  rules  over  most  of 
the  brown  race.  Many  of  the 
Malays  are  savages,  like  the 
people  in  the  black  tribes  of 
Africa. 

Find  Java  on  the  colored  map  of  Australia.  In  what 
direction  is  Java  from  Japan? 

What  new  sights  could  a  Javanese  girl  see  in  Japan? 
What  could  she  see  in  Tibbu's  home  ? 

What  do  the  people  of  Java  eat?  Of  what  are  their 
clothes  made? 


A  Java  Girl. 


ARCTIC   PEOPLE    OP    THE    YELLOW    RACE. 


fil 


89.    A  Lapland  Home. 


yellow   people.     Your   sister,   who   is   holding  a 
dipper,  has  dark  hair,  but  yours  is  light. 
Does  this  family  live  in  a  warm  land  or  in  a  Let  us  glance  into  the  hut.     What  is  in  this 

cold  one?      Can  you  prove  your  answer  by  the      bundle  that  hangs  from  the  roof?     It  is  a  ham- 
picture  ?  mock  made  of  the  warm  skin  of  a  deer,  and  iu 
Which  has  the  warmest  coat,  the  deer,  the  dog     it  swings  a  pretty  baby  girl  with  eyes  as  bright 
or  the  little  boy  peeping  through  the  door  ?                 and  cheeks  as  soft  as  your  own. 


/*  ■    '  ,.";:iiii.-'  ,"''■,''""' i" 


: -:"■ 


fc'3.i.::: 


A   Lapland   Home. 


Isn't  this  a  warm  hut?  See  the  thick  sods 
upon  it.  Do  you  think  that  rain  can  leak 
through  the  roof  ?  See  how  the  sods  are  placed. 
What  holds  them  up  ? 

Why  is  the  hut  so  dark?  Can  you  see  any 
chimney  ? 

Come  out,  little  hoy,  where  we  can  see  you. 
What  large  round  eyes  you  have,  and  what  a  tiny 
flat  nose  !  Your  eyes  are  as  straight  as  ours,  but 
your  face  tells  us  that  you  are  one  of  the  little 


Would  you  like  to  know  where  these  people 
live? 

Their  home  is  in  the  north  of  Europe,  near  the 
Arctic  shore.  They  are  called  Lapps  and  they 
live  in  Lapland.  Can  you  find  Lapland  on  the 
colored  map  of  Europe  ? 

Ah  !  here  is  a  snowstorm.  Now  we  know  why 
the  Lapps  wear  boots  with  high  tops  bound 
tightly  round  their  legs.  Come  !  Let  us  hurry 
into  the  hut. 


62 


ARCTIC    PEOPLE    OF    THE    YELLOW    RACE. 


See  the  long  strips  of  smoked  meat  hanging  on 
the  walls.  Here  are  dishes  of  sweet  milk  also, 
and  cakes  of  new  cheese.  Do  yqu  wonder  that 
the  Lapps  are  kind  to  their  deer  ?  Where  do  you 
think  all  this  food  came  from  ? 


Hammerfest. 

Let  us  look  at  the  boots  and  at  this  great  hairy 
coat.  Can  you  tell  what  they  are  made  of? 
Some  of  the  coats  are  made  of  cloth.  At  night 
the  children  sleep  side  by  side  between  large 
warm  deerskins. 

Of  course  you  wish  to  know  what  the  reindeer 
feeds  on.  In  summer  it  bites  off  tender  shoots 
of  trees  and  bushes,  but  in  winter  it  paws  away 
the  snow  to  find  a  little  gray  plant,  called  reindeer 
moss. 

It  has  stopped  snowing.  Now  for  a  ride ! 
Harness  a  deer  to  a  sled  and  away  we  will  fly 


over  the  snow.     How  fast  we  go  !     Will  the  fleet 
deer  never  grow  weary  ?     His  master  tells  us  that 
he  has  driven  him  a  hundred  miles  in  one  day- 
Would  you  like  to  live  in  Lapland?     Do  not 
think  that  there  is  snow  on  the  ground  all  the 


time.  As  early  as  May  the  fields  are  dotted  with 
pretty  flowers,  the  birds  sing  sweetly,  and  later 
the  bushes  and  vines  are  loaded  with  berries. 

Perhaps  you  would  like  to  live  with  the  Lapps 
who  catch  salmon  and  trout  in  lakes  and  rivers, 
or  with  those  who  wander  with  tents  from  place 
to  place,  in  search  of  good  pastures  for  their  herds 
of  deer.  You  would  find  that  the  Lapps  are  very 
kind. 

Hammerfest  is  a  town  that  the  Lapps  often 
visit.  It  is  the  farthest  north  of  all  the  towns 
of  Europe. 

Where  do  the  Lapps  live? 

What  are  the  uses  of  the  reindeer? 

Can  you  tell  some  of  the  sights  that  Tibbu  often  sees, 
but  that  the  Lapland  boys  never  see? 

What  would  the  Japanese  boys  miss  if  they  went  to 
Lapland  to  live  ? 

Why  does  Tibbu  not  wear  clothes  like  those  which  the 
Lapland  boys  wear  ? 

If  you  were  to  go  into  a  Lapland  hut,  what  should  you 
expect  to  see? 

90.    The  Eskimo  Boy.1 

If  we  knew  the  words  that  little  Chuglu  uses, 
he  could  tell  us  a  wonderful  story  about  the  land 
of  snow  and  ice  in  the  far  north. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  the  hut  in  which  he  lives. 
It  is  built  of  stones,  with  turf  thrown  upon  it  to 
keej3  out  the  biting  wind.      The  hut  is  now 
covered  with   snow.      During  the   summer 
Chuglu  lives  in  a  tent  made  of  deerskins. 

The  Eskimos  are  found  along  the  north 
coast  of  North  America,  and  on  the  islands 
near  by.  They  live  also  along  the  south- 
west shores  of  Greenland.  Find  Greenland 
on  the  map  of  North  America. 
When  Chuglu  was  a  baby  his  mother  kept  him 
in  a  bag  of  feathers.  That  was  his  cradle  and  his 
bed.  Day  after  day  he  lay  in  the  smoky  hut,  till 
he  was  old  enough  to  walk,  and  then  his  mother 
made  him  a  very  pretty  suit  of  sealskin  clothes. 

1  Chuglu  was  one  of  the  Eskimos  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  Chicago.  The  baby,  Columbia,  was  born  on  the 
World's  Fail-  grounds. 


THE    ESKIMOS. 


63 


On  his  jacket  she  sewed  a  fur  hood  that  he  could 
draw  over  his  head  on  very  cold  days. 

The  mother  has  a  large  hood  on  the  back  of 
her  own  jacket,  and  many  a  cozy  nap  has  Chuglu 
taken  in  this  hood,  before  he  could  walk. 

At  length  Chuglu  is  old  enough  to  go  out  and 
see  his  father  hunt  seals.  Bring  out  the  sled  and 
harness  the  dogs !  Snap  !  goes  the  long  whip,  and 
away  they  glide  over  the  snow.    The  father  knows 


whale.  He  paddles  his  canoe,  or  kayak,  very 
swiftly,  and  throws  his  harpoon  with  great  skill. 

The  kayak  is  long  and  narrow.  It  is  covered 
with  sealskins.  The  skins  are  sewed  over  the  top 
of  the  canoe,  making  it  water-tight  in  all  parts. 
Eskimos  are  so  skillful  that  when  a  kayak  upsets 
they  can  right  it  again  in  the  water. 

Under  the  skin  of  the  whale  there  is  a  thick 
layer  of  fat,  or  blubber,  which  keeps  the  icy  water 


where  the  seals  crawl 
out  of  the  icy  water 
to  bask  in  the  sun. 
Columbia.  Now  they  are  near 

the  place.  Chuglu 
is  left  with  the  dogs,  while  his  father  creeps  up 
behind  a  huge  block  of  ice.  Yes,  there  are  the 
seals  !  A  rush,  a  blow,  and  one  unlucky  creature 
is  held  on  the  end  of  the  sharp  spear. 

It  seems  very  cruel,  but  Chuglu  must  have 
food,  and  now  he  can  eat  the  flesh  of  the  seal. 
His  mother  will  also  make  a  new  jacket  of  soft  fur 
for  him. 

It   is   great   sport  for  the   Eskimo  to  chase  a 


Chuglu. 

from  chilling  the  muscles.  The  Eskimo  uses  this 
blubber  to  warm  and  light  his  hut. 

Let  us  return  to  the  hut.  Stoop  low,  and 
creep  on  your  hands  and  knees.  Now  we  are 
inside.  Can  this  be  the  home  of  little  Chuglu? 
How  does  he  breathe  in  such  a  close  and  smoky 
place  ? 

Look  at  the  lamp.  It  is  a  hollow  stone,  with 
moss  for  a  wick.  Where  did  the  oil  come 
from?  The  lamp  smokes,  but  it  keeps  the  hut 
warm. 

Along  one  side  of  the  room  there  is  a  long 
bench.  During  the  day  it  is  used  as  a  seat,  but 
at  night  it  forms  the  family  bed. 


64 


THE    ESKIMOS. 


•  Look  at  Chuglu  as  he  takes  off  his  jacket  and 
boots.  He  wears  a  shirt  of  birdskin,  and  stock- 
ings of  dogskin. 


Inside  an  Eskimo  Hut. 


Now  we  can  see  his  face  clearly.  The  blight 
black  eyes  are  aslant,  the  hair  is  coarse  and  black, 
and  the  skin  is  yellowish  brown.  Perhaps  Chuglu 
belongs  to  the  same  great  family  as  do  the  children 
of  Japan,  China,  Lapland  and  Java. 

Dinner  is  ready.     Will  you  dine  with  Chuglu  ? 
He  will  have  a  feast  to-day,  for  his  mother  has 
given  him  a  large  piece  of  blubber.      His  father  is 
eating  a  slice  of  raw  frozen 
flesh.     Now  he  helps  him- 
self  to    a   piece   that   has 
been  boiled. 

In  this  cold  region  no 
grain  grows,  and  so  these 
people  have  no  bread. 
There  is  no  fresh  milk 
nor  cheese  such  as  we  saw 
in  the  Lapland  home,  for 
Chuglu's  father  lias  no 
tame  deer. 

Some  days  they  eat  fish  and  sea  fowl,  and  when 
Chuglu's  father  kills  a  great  white  bear,  its  flesh 
feeds  them  for  a  Ions'  time. 


Eskimos  often  move  from  place  to  place,  to  find 
seals  and  fish.  Sometimes  they  hunt  far  out  over 
the  frozen  sea.  When  they  settle  in  a  place  for  a 
short  time  only,  they  make  huts  out  of  blocks  of 
snow,  with  ice  for  windows. 

White  people  often  visit  the  cold  seas  of  the 
north,  in  search  of  seals  and  whales.  These  people 
give  or  sell  to  the  Eskimos,  knives,  needles,  cloth 
and  other  articles. 

In  making  clothes  the  Eskimo  women  are  very 
skillful.  They  cut  the  sealskins  to  fit  well,  and 
then  sew  them  neatly  together.  Do  you  not  think 
that  Chuglu  has  on  a  pretty  jacket? 

In  autumn  the  days  at  the  far  north  are  very 
short.  Then  the  Eskimos  hunt  all  the  time  while 
it  is  light.  They  store  up  food  for  the  long  winter 
nights  that  are  near  at  hand.  Some  Eskimos  five 
in  places  where  the  longest  night  lasts  many  weeks. 
In  summer  there  is  a  day  that  is  just  as  long. 

Would  you  not  like  to  watch  the  sun  during 
the  long  day  ?  Every  noon  it  is  in  the  south,  and 
at  midnight  it  is  in  the  north,  but  it  does  not  dip 
below  the  horizon.  By  and  by  you  will  learn  the 
reason  why. 

Can  you  find  out  how  Chuglu's  sledge  is  made  ? 

"Where  do  the  Eskimos  live  ? 

Describe  an  Eskimo  hut.     What  do  Eskimos  eat? 

What  strange  sights  would  a  Lapland  boy  see,  if  he  were 
to  visit  Chuglu's  home  ? 

What  objects  in  your  home  would  seem  strange  to 
Eskimo  children? 


'.> 


An  Arctic  Scene. 


Which  people  wear  the  best  clothing,  those  of  Java, 
of  Japan,  of  Lapland  or  of  the  northern  coast  of  North 
America?     Give  a  reason  for  your  answer. 


PEOPLE  OF  THE  RED  RACE. 


05 


91.     Children  of  the   Indian  Tribes. 

Can  you  tell  what  is  in  the  cradle  that  hangs 
on  the  tree  ?     It  is  a  tiny  baby  with  round  black 
eyes  and  red-brown  skin. 

This  cradle  is  made  of  a 

piece  of  board,  wrapped  in 

cloth.      There    are    pretty 

beads  on  the  cloth. 

Which  do  you  like  best,  the 

hood  in  which  Chuglu  slept,  the 

hammock  of    the  little    Lapland 

girl,  or  the  cradle  of  the  Indian 

baby? 

Day  after  day 
the  Indian  baby 
will  swing  from 
the  branch  of  a  tree.  He  will  also 
take  long  journeys  on  his  mother's 
back. 

When  those  chubby  fingers  are 
strong  enough  to  use  a  bow  and 
arrows,  the  little  Indian  boy  will 


Some  tribes  of  Indians  live  in  good  houses 
made  of  wood,  brick  or  stone.  These  have  large 
herds  of  cattle  and  fields  of  grain. 

In  some  places  many  families  live  in  one  large 
house  or  pueblo.  It  is  made  of  stone  or  of  brick 
dried  in  the  sun.  The  walls  are  thick  and  the 
floors  bare. 

a 


large   buildings 


Indians  and  their  Camps. 


whole  village. 


S3 

learn  to  shoot.  He 
will  also  be  tied  on- 
to a  horse  and  will 
learn  to  ride. 

As  he  grows  older 
he  will  run  races,  wrestle,  swim,  play  ball,  hunt 
and  fish. 

Can  you  tell  what  holds  the  tents  up  ?     What 
do  you  think  the  tents  are  made  of? 


Some  of  the  tribes  that  live  in 
pueblos  have  large  fruit  groves  and  grainfields. 

Let  us  visit  an  Indian  camp  in  the  evening. 

Here  is  a  drum  made  by  stretching  a  skin  over 
a  hollow  log.  The  beating  of  this  chum  calls 
the  tribe  to  an  evening  dance  round  the  camp 
fire.  At  first  the  dancers  move  slowly.  Then  the 
drum  beats  faster  and  the  dance  becomes  more 
rapid,  till  it  breaks  into  fierce  leaping,  and  the 
Indians  yell  as  if  they  were  fighting  a  battle. 

The  children  look  on  with  delight.  Some  day 
they  will  go  through  the  same  kind  of  dance. 
This  evening  they  listen  to  stories  of  the  brave 
deeds  of  their  fathers,  and  then  go  to  their  tents  to 
dream  of  the  time  when  they  will  be  warriors. 


66 


DARK    BRANCH    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


The  Indians  are  very  skillful  in  making  bows 
and  arrows,  but  their  chief  weapon  now  is  the  rifle. 

The  red-brown  man  taught  the  white  man  how 
to  make  canoes  of  birch  bark,  and  shoes  of  soft 
deerskin.  The  dusky  savage  also  showed  the 
paleface  how  to  make  corn  grow  in  a  forest. 
The  trees  were  first  killed  by  cutting  a  ring 
of  bark  from  their  trunks,  or  by  burning  off  the 
bark.  The  hot  sun  could  then  ripen  the  corn,  as 
there  were  no  leaves  to  shade  it. 

Is  there  nothing  to  say  about  the  Indian 
girls? 

While  the  boys  are  wrestling  or  hunting,  the 
girls  must  stay  at  home  and  work.  They  must 
learn  to  cook,  to  hoe  in  the  garden,  to  skin 
the     animals     that  -* 

have  been  killed, 
and  to  take  down 
and  put  up  the  tents 
when  moving  camp. 
They  must  also  help 
to  carry  all  the  tents 
and  kettles  from 
place  to  place. 

The  little  Indian 
girl  finds  some  time 
for  play.  She  is  very 
fond  of  dolls.  What 
kind  of  dresses  do 
you  think  she  makes 
for  her  dolls  ?  What  kind  of  playhouse  does  she 
like  best? 

Indians  are  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  South 
America,  and  in  the  western  part  of  North 
America.  Only  a  few  tribes  live  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river. 

The  number  of  Indians  in  the  United  States  is 
small.  There  are  about  as  many  here  now  as 
there  were  when  the  white  men  first  settled  in 
America. 

Where  are  Indians  found?  Can  you  draw  an  Indian's 
tent? 

What  has  the  Indian  taught  the  white  man? 

If  an  Indian  girl  were  to  visit  Japan,  what  strange 
sights  would  she  see?  What  could  an  Indian  girl  teach  a 
Lapland  girl? 


Caravan 


92.     The  Land  of  the  Arabs. 

We  start  to-day  for  a  land  that  lies  far  to  the 
southeast  of  the  isthmus  of  Suez.  The  first 
part  of  our  trip  is  to  New  York.  Can  you  show 
on  the  map  the  shortest  route  by  water  from 
New  York  to  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ? 

It  will  take  about  two  weeks  to  cross  the  ocean 
and  the  long  Mediterranean  sea. 

Now  we  are  passing  the  great  rock  of  Gibraltar 
near  the  strait  that  opens  into  this  long  sea. 
What  grand  division  is  this  on  the  south  ?  What 
one  is  on  the  north? 

Here  we  are  at  the  isthmus.  A  small  boat  is 
waiting  to  take  us  from  the  steamer  to  the  land. 

We  are  just  in  time, 
—  a  caravan  starts 
to-day  for  the  very 
place  we  wish  to 
visit. 

We  must  travel 
on  the  backs  of 
camels,  as  our  route 
winds  across  a  wide 
desert.  Here  is  a 
camel  kneeling  for 
you.  Now  you  are 
on, — hold  fast  while 
it  rises. 

Let  us  wait  a  few 
minutes  near  the  great  Suez  canal.1  Here  is  a 
long  line  of  steamships  ready  to  pass  through. 
Would  you  like  to  look  inside  these  ships  and  see 
what  they  carry?  This  one  is  from  southeast 
Asia.  It  is  loaded  with  tea,  cotton,  silk  and  grain. 
This  cargo  will  be  carried  to  the  British  Isles. 

The  steamer  from  which  we  landed  is  bound  to 
Australia.  Below  its  decks  there  are  thousands  of 
yards  of  cloth  and  many  kinds  of  machines  and 
tools.  This  ship  will  bring  back  a  cargo  of  wool. 
Now  the  caravan  is  ready  to  start.  We  turn 
our  faces  towards  the  southeast,  and  soon  lose 
sight  of  the  little  city  by  the  canal.  How  dry 
and  sandy  the  land  is,  and  how  hot  the  air ! 

1  On  page  51  there  are  two  views  of  this  canal. 


DARK    BRANCH    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


67 


We  camp  to-night  near  this  well  of  cool  water. 
In  the  early  morning  we  are  off  again,  and  at 
about  ten  o'clock  we  reach  another  well.  Here 
we  rest  till  the  sun  is  low. 


Arab  Family. 

Days  pass,  and  we  are  still  in  the  midst  of  the 
burning  sands.  Now  the  wells  are  far  apart,  and 
we  must  carry  water  in  bags  made  of  camel's  skin. 

It  is  noon,  and  we  have  halted  for  the  day. 
How  the  sun  beats  down  ! 

See  the  dust  whirling  towards  us  !  What  is 
going  to  happen?  The  camels  are  burying  their 
noses  in  the  sand. 

We  must  be  quick,  or  a  hot  whirlwind  will 
reach  us  before  we  are  ready  for  it.  Place  a 
piece  of  cloth  on  the  sand,  and  press  your  face  hard 
down  into  it.  While  the  hot  wind  is  passing, 
you  must  breathe  the  air  that  is  in  the  sand. 

Now  the  wind  is  here.  We  are  stifling  !  It 
seems  as  if  hot  coals  were  burning  our  bodies. 
The  whirling  sand  almost  buries  us.  Five  minutes 
pass.  They  seem  like  hours.  Now  the  camels 
are  raising  their  heads,  and  the  storm  is  over. 
This  is  the  simoon,  or  stifling  wind  of  the  desert 
of  Arabia.     Where  is  this  desert? 

As  we  travel  over  the  hot  sand,  clouds  of  locusts 
fly  about  us.  They  look  like  grasshoppers.  Bees 
and  wasps  swarm  upon  the  rocks  that  jut  out  of 
the  sand.  Countless  scorpions,  with  poison  stings, 
creep  over  the  dry  surface. 

The  plant  life  is  scanty.  The  camels  find  a 
few  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  sharp  thistles  and 
cactus  plants. 


Our  route  now  leads  over  higher  land.  Here 
and  there  we  see  tents  pitched  under  spreading 
date  palms.  In  the  distance  low  mountains  rise 
on  the  plain.     To-morrow  our  journey  will  end. 

Here  we  are  at  last  in  a  land  of  flowers  !  It 
looks  like  a  vast  island-garden  in  a  sea  of  sand. 
Mile  after  mile  of  groves  and  grainfields  stretches 
away  to  the  south.    This  is  the  land  of  the  Arabs. 

Would  you  like  to  go  to  school  with  these 
Arab  boys  ?  They  are  reading  the  Koran,  which 
is  their  Bible.  Listen  to  the  strange  words  which 
tell  them  not  to  press  wine  from  grapes.  In  all 
this  fair  land  no  wine  is  made  from  grapes,  but 
the  fruit  is  eaten. 

The  Arab  boys  are  dark,  but  they  belong  to 
the  white  race.  Have  you  not  seen  boys  that 
look  like  these? 

School  is  over  for  the  day,  and  our  little  friends 
will  show  us  their  homes.  First  we  must  see  the 
horses. 

How  the  Arab  loves  his  horse  !  He  oils 
its  hoofs  so  that  the  hot  sand  will  not  crack 
them.  He  chooses  for  it  the  finest  grass  and  the 
purest  water,   and   often    feeds    it  on  dates  and 


Arab   School. 


barley.  He  places  no  cruel  bit  in  its  mouth,  but 
guides  the  noble  animal  by  pressing  his  knees 
against  its  sides.  The  Arabs  have  the  most 
beautiful  horses  on  the  earth. 


68 


DARK    BRANCH    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


Next  we  will  look  at  the  camels.  These 
animals  are  more  useful  than  horses  to  the  Arahs. 
One  kind  of  camel  is  used  for  speed,  and  another 
for  carrying  heavy  loads.  The  former  will  run 
one  hundred  miles  a  day,  and  in 
the  cool  part  of  the  year  will 
sometimes  travel  eight  days  with- 
out drinking. 

Camels  are  to  the  Arabs  what 
reindeer  are  to  the  Lapps.  For 
supper  to-day  we  shall  drink  the 
milk  of  the  camel,  and  eat  its 
boiled  flesh.  We  shall  have  fresh 
butter  and  cheese,  but  these  are 
made  of  goat's  milk. 

The  hair  of  the  camel  is  soft 
and  fine.  It  is  used  in  making 
cloth.  The  tents  of  the  Arab 
tribes  that  live  in  the  desert  are 
made  of  this  kind  of  cloth.  We 
need  not  stop  to  look  at  the  sheep  and  cattle, 
for  we  can  see  many  like  them  in  our  own  land. 

Let  us  go  into  the  gardens.  Here  are  bright 
flowers,  and  the  scent  of  sweet  herbs  fills  the 
air.  The  stifling  wind  never  reaches  this  fertile 
region. 


Date  Palm. 


Arabia  takes  the  place  of  wheat  as  used  in  our 

own  land,  of  rice  in  Japan  and  of  fruit  in  Java. 
Would  you  like  to  look  into  one  of  the  wells? 

It  is  only  a  few  feet  in  depth,  and  the  sides  are 
built  of  stone.  In  the  desert  the 
wells  are  much  deeper.  All  the 
gardens  of  this  laDd  are  watered 
from  wells,  for  the  seasons  are 
often  very  dry. 

Coffee  is  the  chief  drink  of  the 
Arabs.  The  coffee  berries  grow 
on  the  hilly  lands,  near  the  strait 
that  forms  the  outlet  of  the  Red 
sea. 

Some  Arabs  live  in  good  houses 
of  stone  or  of  wood.  The  people 
are  very  kind  and  polite,  and  we 
are  sorry  to  leave  the  dusky 
white  boys,  but  we  must  begin 
our    long    journey    back    to    the 

dearest  land  of  all,  —  America. 

What  bodies  of  water  should  you  have  to  cross  in  going 
from  your  home  to  Arabia? 

Of  •what  grand  division  is  Arabia  a  part  ? 

In  deserts,  why  are  camels  more  useful  than  horses? 

Name  some  animals  that  are  found  in  Arabia? 


Studying  the  Koran. 


Inside  ol  an  Arab  House. 


As  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  beautiful  date 
trees  wave  in  the  valleys.  For  breakfast  to-morrow 
we  shall  have  fresh  dates  and  also  sweet  cakes 
made   of  the  same  kind  of  fruit.      The  date  in 


Of  what  use  are  camels  to  Arabs  ? 

What  do  Arabs  eat  ?     What  berries  that  grow  in  Arabia 
are  used  to  flavor  drink  ? 

Where  else  does  coffee  grow  ? 


LOWLAND    PEOPLE    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


69 


93.     Children   of  the   Lowlands. 

To-day  we  will  visit  Holland,  the  land  of  canals.1 
It  is  part  of  the  low  plain  through  which  the  river 
Rhine  flows  to  the  sea. 

This  land  is  crossed  by  a  network  of  canals  and 
ditches.     Its  wide   meadows  look  as   level   as  a 


fathers  find  work.  When  they  are  old  enough 
the  boys  have  boats  of  their  own. 

Let  us  take  a  trip  on  one  of  the  house  boats. 

See  the  long  rows  of  windmills  !  They  are 
pumping  water  from  the  low  fields  into  ditches. 
When  the  corn  is  ripe  the  windmills  will  help 
grind  it  to  meal. 

What  are  these  men  doing  ?  Thev  are  c-utting 
strips  of  soft  earth,  and  placing  them  where  they 
will  dry.  These  strips  are  filled  with  roots  and 
grass,  and  will  be  sold  for  fuel.  They  are  burned 
by  all  except  the  rich  people. 

Here  is  a  band  of  haymakers.     See  the  girls 


floor.     No  fences  are  needed, 
for  water  separates  the  fields. 

Boats  with  white  sails 
seem  to  skim  over  the  mead- 
ows,  but   of   course  they  are 

in  the  canals.     In  handling  the  boats,   girls  are 
often  more  skillful  than  boys. 

Some  of  the  children  in  Holland  are  born  on 
boats,  and  spend  their  lives  floating  about  the 
canals.      They  go  from  place  to  place  where  their 

1  Holland  is  also  called  The  Netherlands,  which  means 
lowlands. 


Scenes  In  Holland. 


working  in  the  field.  Yes,  the  mothers  and 
sisters  in  Holland  often  make  hay,  dig  potatoes, 
sow  grain,  hoe  corn  and  do  other  kinds  of  hard 
work.  They  even  help  to  draw  boats  along  the 
canals. 

What  queer  shoes  the  horses  wear  in  the  fields  ! 
They  are  small  boards  tied  under  the  hoofs.  Why 
do  the  horses  wear  them? 


70 


LOWLAND    PEOPLE    OP    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


A  large  part  of  this  low  land  is  very  soft  and 
boggy.  It  seems  like  a  wet  sponge.  The  ground 
trembles  under  even  the  little  children  at  play. 
If  it  were  not  for  wide  shoes,  the  horses  would 
sink  deep  into  the  soil. 

What  a  land  this  is  for  the  barefoot  girls  and 
boys  !     They  can  splash  in  the  puddles,  wade  in 


Scene  In  the  Alps. 

the  ditches,  sail  boats  on  the  canals  and  catch 
fish  nearly  everj^where. 

You  should  see  the  children  in  winter,  when 
the  canals  are  frozen.  How  swiftly  they  skim 
over  the  ice  !  For  miles  and  miles  the  canals  are 
then  alive  with  skaters  ! 

Poor  children  use  wooden  skates,  but  they  have 
much  fun.  People  go  to  market  on  skates.  Here 
is  a  little  girl  going  to  sell  a  basket  of  eggs. 
She  will  bring  back  a  small  red  cheese  and  a 
loaf  of  bread  about  two  feet  long. 

Would  you  like  to  wear  wooden  shoes?  Of 
course  you  would  take  them  off  at  the  door,  and 
not  wear  them  in  the  house.  Do  you  not  think 
that  our  leather  shoes  are  much  better  than 
wooden  ones? 

Here  we  are  at  a  bridge.  Our  house  boat 
cannot  pass  till  the  bridge  is  raised.  The  men 
who  move  the  bridge  swing  out  to  us  a  little 
wooden  shoe  on  the  end  of  a  pole  and  line,  and 
we  drop  into  it  a  small  piece  of  money  to  pay 
them  for  their  work. 


Now  we  are  near  a  city.  It  looks  like  a  forest 
of  masts,  trees  and  steeples.  Boats,  boats  every- 
where !  The  houses  are  very  neat.  Perhaps  the 
kitchen  is  the  front  room,  but  what  of  it? 

Woidd  you  like  to  five  in  Holland  ? 

AVhat  large  river  flows  across  the  plain  of  Holland  ? 

Where  does  the  Rhine  river  rise  ?  In  what  direction  is 
Holland  from  the  Swiss  plateau  ? 

What  is  a  house  boat  ?  Are  the  rivers  of  Holland  swift 
or  slow  ? 

What  do  the  people  of  Holland  use  for  fuel  ? 

Of  what  use  are  windmills  to  the  people  of  Holland  ? 

Of  what  use  are  canals  ? 

Name  some  of  the  farm  products  of  Holland. 


94.     Children  of  the  Highlands. 

Let  us  leave  the  "land  of  canals,"  and  sail  far 
up  the  river  Rhine.  Hans,  a  Holland  boy,  will  go 
with  us  to  visit  the  Swiss  boys  who  live  on  the 
plateau  near  the  high  Alps. 

Here  we  are  in  a  pretty  village,  close  by  the 
snowy  peaks.  Wilhelni,  a  little  Swiss  boy,  comes 
down  the  road  to  meet  us. 

How  strange  the  place  looks  to  Hans  !  He  has 
always  lived  on  low  land  by  the  sea.  Now  for  the 
first  time  he  sees  great  rocky  ranges  upon  which 
snow  lies  all  the  year. 

What  do  you  think  that  Hans  misses  most? 
Yes,  the  quiet  canals.  In  Wilhelm's  home  no 
white  sails  seem  to  skim  across  rich  meadows. 
Many  of  the  Swiss  streams  rush  and  roar  over 
steep,  rocky  beds.  Hans  feels  of  the  water  and 
finds  it  icy  cold.  Wilhelrn  says  that  it  flows  from 
a  long  glacier. 

The  Swiss  village  is  all  alive  to-day.  Spring 
has  come,  and  the  flocks  must  be  driven  up  the 
mountains  to  feed. 

The  men  who  go  with  the  flocks  will  be  away 
from  home  till  near  the  end  of  summer,  and  many 
carts  are  loaded  with  food  and  bedding  for  them. 
Hans  and  Wilhelrn  are  very  happy,  for  they  are 
going  on  the  long  trip. 

Wben  all  are  ready  they  set  out  with  long  lines 
of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  flocks  graze  for  a  few 
days  at  the  foot  of  the  range,  then  as  the  snow 


HIGHLAND    PEOPLE    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


71 


melts  they  climb  higher.  In  the  valleys  they  find 
the  grass  green  and  tender.  Here  they  will  graze 
till  the  snow  drives  them  down  the  slope. 

Hans  and  Wilhelm  help  to  tend  the  flocks,  and 
then  they  play  by  the  swift  streams,  or  search 
for  wild  flowers.  Once  in  a  while  they  catch  a 
glimpse  of  a  nimble  chamois  or  an  ibex,  as  it  leaps 
from  crasr  to  eras1  far  above  them. 

The  chamois  looks  partly  like  a 
deer  and  partly  like  a  goat.  It  is 
very  shy,  and  has  keen  scent  and 
sight. 

In-  winter  this  little  creature 
feeds  on  tender  shoots  of  fir  and 
pine  trees.  In  summer  it  is  found 
close  to  the  lower  edge  of  the 
snowcap  on  the  highest  peaks. 


soon  it  crashes  along,  sweeping  all  before  it. 
Large  trees  snap  and  break.  Huge  rocks  whirl 
down  the  slope.  The  earth  trembles,  and  the  fly- 
ing mass  gives  out  an  angry  roar. 

That  evening  Hans  tells  a  story  about  the  sea 
breaking  through  the  dykes  of  Holland,  and  flood- 
ing his  father's  field.  Wilhelm  tells  about  the 
soft  snow  that  slid  down  the   mountain  side  last 


Wilhelm's  Home. 


The  chamois  is  noted  for  its  long  leaps  from 
rock  to  rock,  over  deep  chasms.  It  is  very  play- 
ful, and  is  often  seen  sporting  about  in  the  light 
feathery  snow. 

Often  at  night  the  boys  lie  awake  and  listen 
to  the  ice  cracking  and  groaning,  as  it  winds 
slowly  past  their  cabin.  Wilhelm  says  that  the 
glacier  walks  and  talks. 

One  day  when  the  boys  are  far  up  the  mountain 
side,  they  see  a  great  mass  of  ice  and  snow  slide 
into  the  valley.     At   first   it   moves  slowly,  but 


Remains  of  a  Snowsllde. 

winter,  and  buried  the  village 
in  which  he  lives. 

Weeks  pass,  and  at  length 
the  snow  creeps  down  the 
mountains,  into  the  high  valley 
where  the  flocks  are  grazing. 
They  must  at  once  start  for 
home,  or  they  may  be  caught 
in   a   blinding  storm. 

It  is  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber, and  the  village  is  dressed  for  a  holiday. 
To-day  the  fathers  and  elder  brothers  come  home 
with  their  flocks  from  the  mountains.  The  girls 
and  boys  march  out  with  bells  and  flags  to  meet 
them.     They  all  return  shouting  and  singing. 

The  day  is  given  over  to  sports  and  games. 
The  young  men  wrestle,  run  races  and  shoot.  In 
the  evening  bonfires  are  kindled,  and  many  dancers 
keep  time  to  music.  In  the  midst  of  the  festival  a 
heavy  snowstorm  begins,  showing  that  winter  is  at 
hand.     How  strange  it  all  seems  to  little  Hans. 


72 


HIGHLAND    PEOPLE    OF    THE    WHITE    RACE. 


What  have  the  girls  and  boys  in  the  village  been 
doing  all  summer? 

They  have  helped  their  mothers  mow  grass, 
plait  straw  into  hats,  and  take  care  of  the  cattle 
that  were  not  driven  to  the  mountains.  They 
have  also  milked  the  cows  and  goats,  and  have 
made  butter. and  cheese. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  churn  ?  In  this  Swiss 
village  the  merry  little  streams  are  set  at  work 
turning  churns.  Milk  and  cheese  are  leading 
articles  of  food.  Very  little  meat  is  eaten. 
Many  potatoes  are  raised,  and  these  often  take  the 
place  of  bread.  Dried  apples  and  pears  are  also 
used  for  food. 

Every  year  many  thousand  people  visit  the 
Alps  to  see  the  snowy  peaks,  the  long  glaciers 
and  the  mountain  lakes.  Many  young  men  earn 
a  living  by  serving  as  guides  to  the  visitors.  One 
of  the  pictures  on  this  page  shows  a  party  climb- 
ing an  ice  point  on  a  glacier. 


An  Ice  Point. 


Wilhelm  has  met  girls  and 
boys  from  many  lands.  He  has 
heard  them  tell  of  great  ships  that 


sail  on  the  ocean,  and  of  vast  level  lands,  called 
prairies.  Next  }-ear  he  will  visit  Hans  and  will 
see  many  strange  sights  along  the  canals. 

Now  the  time 
has  come  for  Hans 
to  return  home. 
He  will  remain  a 
few  days  in  the 
beautiful  Swiss 
cities  of  Geneva 
and  Bern,  to  see 
the  great  work- 
shops. Here  he 
will  watch  the 
people  spin  silk. 
and  weave  cotton 
and  wool  into 
cloth,  but  this  work  will  not  be  new  to  him.  He 
has  seen  the  same  kind  of  work  in  the  cities  of 
Holland,  near  his  own  home. 

Where  is  the  Swiss  highland? 
Why  are  many  of  the  streams  of  this 
highland  very  swift  ? 

Where  do  glaciers  come  from  ? 
Describe  a  Swiss  cottage.     Can  you 
tell  why  heavy  stones  are   placed   on 
the  roofs  of  cot- 
tages ? 

What  kinds  of 
work  can  the 
girls  and  boys  of 
Switzerland  do? 
What  do  the 
people  of  Switz- 
erland use  for 
food? 

Name  six  ani- 
mals that  Swiss 
boys  see. 

What  kinds  of 
goods  are  made  in 
Swiss  cities  ? 

Find  Switzerland 
on  the  map  of  Eu- 
rope.     In  what  di- 
rection   is    it    from 
A  Swiss  cotuigo.  Holland? 


95.    Homes  of  the  Races. 

People  live  in  nearly  every  land.  Of  course 
there  are  many  more  people  in  some  places 
than  in  others,  and  we  have  seen  that  not  all 
look  alike. 

Most  of  the  black  tribes  live  south  of  the 
desert  of  Sahara  and  in  Australia. 

The  "  red  men,"  or  red-brown  tribes,  are 
found  in  many  parts  of  America. 

The  people  of  the  brown  race  make  their 
homes  mainly  on  the  islands  southeast  of 
Asia. 

The  yellow  people  live  in  the  river  basins 
of  Asia  and  Europe  sloping  to  the  Pacific 
and  Arctic  oceans.  They  are  also  found 
along  the  Arctic  coast  of  America. 

In  the  Old  World  the  home  of  the  white 
race  is  between  the  lands  of  the  black  and 
the  yellow  races. 


The  map  will  sbow  what  parts  of  America 
and  Australia  are  now  held  by  white  people. 
Page  87  tells  about  the  people  of  the  land 
in  which  toe  live. 

96.    Homes  of  the  Nations. 

A  long  time  ago  Europe  was  the  home  of 
many  tribes  of  white  people.  Some  tended 
their  flocks  and  others  tilled  the  soil. 

The  tribes  often  fought  for  the  best  lands. 
Those  that  lived  on  wide  plains  were  open  to 
attack  from  all  sides.  In  some  places  ranges 
of  mountains  and  arms  of  the  sea  kept  the 
tribes  apart. 

Here  and  there  a  strong  tribe  would  con- 
quer many  weak  ones,  and  a  single  chief 
would  rule  over  all.  Perhaps  he  would  add 
to  his  land  till  it  reached  to  the  sea,  to  a 
wide  river  or  to  a  range  of  mountains. 


74 


MAP    STUDIES. 


In  these  and  in  other  ways,  the  small  tribes 
grew  to  large  ones,  under  a  few  rulers.  As 
years  rolled  by,  the  people  of  each  large  tribe 
learned  to  use  the  same  names  for  things 
about  them.  After  a  time  they  began  to 
trade  with  other  tribes,  and  to  learn  how  they 
did  their  work,  how  they  dressed  and  what 
they  thought. 

At  length  people  found  out  how  to  print 
books  from  type,  and  then  they  became  much 
wiser.  Now,  of  course,  they  have  fine  schools, 
beautiful  houses  and  railroads.  Thus  the 
tribes  have  grown  to  nations,  each  having 
its  own  land  and  its  own  rulers. 

For  ages  and  ages  nations  have  been  grow- 
ing in  nearly  all  lands,  but  there  are  still 
many  savage  tribes.  The  home  of  a  nation, 
or  the  land  in  which  it  lives,  is  called  a 
country.  The  city  or  town  in  which  the  laws 
of  a  nation  are  made  is  called  the  capital  of 
the  country. 

A  nation  may  be  a  part  of  one  race,  or 
it  may  be  made  of  people  of  two  or  more 
races. 

97.     Map   Studies.1 

North  America} 

In  what  country  do  you  live  ?  What  ocean  is  on 
the  west  ?  What  other  bodies  of  water  help  to  bound 
the  United  States? 

What  country  is  north  of  the  United  States  ? 
What  ocean  is  north  of  Canada?  What  ocean  is 
on  the  east  ?  On  the  west  ?  What  great  bay  indents 
the  north  coast  ?  What  bodies  of  water  lie  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States  ? 

What  country  is  south  of  the  United  States? 
What  ocean  is  west  of  Mexico  ?  What  body  of  water 
is  on  the  east  ?  What  river  flows  along  the  northeast 
border  of  Mexico  ? 

Where  are  the  West  Indies?  Name  the  largest 
island  of  this  group. 

1  Many  teachers  may  prefer  to  omit  these  map  studies. 

2  For  answers,  study  the  colored  maps  of  continents. 


South  America. 

What  large  river  basin  is  almost  wholly  in  Brazil  ? 
Which  part  of  Brazil  is  a  low  plateau  ?  What  ocean 
is  on  the  east  ? 

Where  is  Chile  ?  What  is  its  shape  ?  Into  what 
ocean  do  the  streams  of  Chile  flow  ? 

Name  the  long  country  east  of  Chile.  What 
divides  the  two  lands  ?  Name  the  river  system  that 
drains  the  northern  part  of  Argentina. 

Europe. 

Where  are  the  British  Isles?  What  sea  is  on 
the  east  ?  What  ocean  is  on  the  west  ?  Where  is 
Ireland  ?     Where  is  Scotland  ?     Where  is  England  ? 

What  country  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  low- 
land of  Europe  ?  Name  the  largest  river  basin  in 
Bussia.  What  bodies  of  water  touch  the  shores  of 
Bussia  ? 

What  country  lies  north  of  the  Swiss  plateau? 
Upon  what  seas  does  Germany  border  ? 

Between  what  countries  are  the  Pyrenees  moun- 
tains ?  What  bodies  of  water  partly  bound  Spain  ? 
What  bodies  of  water  partly  bound  France  ?  In  what 
country  is  the  greater  part  of  the  Bhone  basin  ? 

Where  is  Italy?     What  is  its  shape? 

What  large  country  is  in  the  middle  part  of  the 
Danube  basin  ?  Name  the  countries  that  lie  north 
of  Austria-Hungary.  On  what  sea  does  Austria- 
Hungary  border? 

Africa. 

Where  is  Egypt  ?  What  large  river  flows  across 
it  ?     On  what  seas  does  Egypt  border  ? 

What  river  system  drains  the  Kongo  State  ? 

Asia. 

In  what  country  is  the  Ganges  basin?  What 
highland  is  north  of  India  ?  What  ocean  is  on  the 
south  ? 

What  large  country  is  east  of  Tibet?  In  what 
direction  do  the  great  rivers  of  China  flow  ?  What 
ocean  is  east  of  China  ? 

Where  is  Japan  ?  What  vast  country  covers  the 
northern  part  of  Asia  ?  What  oceans  border  on 
Siberia  ?     What  country  is  west  of  Siberia  ? 

Australia. 

Where  is  New  South  Wales  ?    Where  is  Victoria  ? 


HEAT,   WIND    AND    RAIN. 


98.    A  Home  Lesson  for  a  Hot  Day. 

Find  a  place  where  the  sun  shines  upon  sand  or 
upon  hard  bare  ground. 

Hold  your  hand  one  inch  from  the  sand  or  the 
bare  ground,  then  one  foot  away,  and  three  feet 
away.     At  which  height  is  the  air  warmest  ? 

Find  a  flat  rock.    Can  you  feel  heat  coming  from  it  ? 

Place  your  hand  near  the  sand  and  then  near  some 
water  that  stands  in  the  sun.  Which  is  warmer,  the 
air  above  the  water  or  above  the  sand? 

99.    How  the  Air  is  Heated. 

On  a  clear  summer  day,  how  hot  the  air  is 
over  a  sandy  field,  and  how  cool  a  breeze 
from  over  the  sea. 

A  flat  rock  in  the  sunshine  may  be  hot,  while 
green  grass  close  by  it  feels  cold.  On  very 
hot  days,  why  do  we  like  to  sit  in  the  shade  ? 
The  sun  warms  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
and  the  earth  then  warms  the  air  just  as  a 
stove  does. 
Dust  and  clouds  also  receive  warmth  from 

the  sun,  and  help  to 
warm  the  air  about 
them.  Can  you  now 
tell  why  the  air  be- 
comes cooler  when 
heavy  clouds  form  be- 
tween us  and  the  sun  ? 
When  the  sun  is 
shining,  some  parts  of 
the  earth  become 
warmer  than  other 
parts.  For  this  reason, 
the  air  in  some  places 
in  others. 


Figure  I. 


is  warmer  than  it  is 


100.    How  the  Earth  is  Heated. 

Let  us  suppose  that  the  straight  lines  in 
figure  I.  are  rays  coming  from  the  sun  to  the 


Figure  II. 


earth  at  noon  and  also  at  about  nine  o'clock 
in  the  morning. 

Count  the  slanting  rays.  Count  the  vertical 
or  upright  ones.  Which  rays  spread  out 
farther  over  the  surface 
of  the  earth? 

The  nearer  overhead 
the  sun  is,  the  more 
thickly  its  rays  reach 
the  earth.  In  the  morn- 
ing, when  the  sun  is 
low  in  the  sky,  the  rays 
are  very  slanting,  and 
the  earth  warms  slowly. 

Which  part  of  a  day 
is  generally  the  warm- 
est ?  Why  does  the 
earth  become  cool  or  cold  in  the  evening? 

In  summer  the  sun  shines  higher  in  the 
sky  than  it  does  in  winter.  In  the  coldest 
part  of  the  year,  the  sun's  rays  are  more 
slanting  than  they  are  in  summer. 

On  places  near  the  equator,  the  sun  shines 
almost  straight  down  every  day  in  the  year, 
and  makes  a  wide  hot  belt  round  that  part  of 
the  earth. 

As  we  travel  north  or  south  from  the  hot 
belt,  the  sun's  rays  become  more  and  more 
slanting,  and  therefore  we  reach  cooler  and 
cooler  parts  of  the  earth.  Round  the  poles 
there  are  wide  res-ions  of  ice  and  snow. 

o 

In  figure  II.,  as  many  rays  fall  upon  B  as 
upon  A.  Over  B  the  rays  are  nearly  vertical, 
but  over  A  they  strike  the  surface  with  greater 
slant. 

Which  is  the  wider  space,  A  or  B  ?  Upon 
which  do  the ,  rays  strike   nearer    together  ? 

Figure  II.  shows  that  while  the  sun  is  shining 
nearly  straight  down  on  the  hot  belt,  its  rays 
fall  with  more  slant  on  other  parts  of  the  earth. 


76 


THE    SEASONS. 


101.    High  and  Low  Land. 

The  alpaca  lives  near  the  equator.  Look  at  its 
long  wool.  Do  you  not  think  that  this  little  animal 
suffers   from   heat  ?     The  wool  is  very 

fine,  and  is  made  into  cloth.        i&2i3mL       Have     you 

'■''&&-s*frv^tl   m    ever  seen 

any  alpaca 
cloth? 

The  alpaca 
looks  like  a 
little  camel, 
but  it  does 
not  live  in  a 
sandy  desert. 
Each  toe  has 
a  tough  sole 
to  help  climb 
rocky  places  where  the  alpaca  goes  to  find  grass. 

The  home  of  the  alpaca  is  high  among  the  Andes. 
Even  in  summer  it  can  see  snowy  peaks  only  a  little 
distance  above  the  places  where  it  feeds.  Do  you 
think  that  the  alpaca  needs  its  warm  coat  of  wool? 

Some  mountains  near  the  equator 
are  very  cold.     The  sun  often 
shines     straight     down    on 
lofty  peaks  ihat  are  cov- 
ered with  snow. 

The  thin  pure  air  on 
high  plateaus  and 
mountains  is  colder 
than  the  air  of  the 
lowlands  which  are 
at  the  same  distance 
as  the  highlands  from 
the  equator. 

102.    The  Seasons. 

Which  is  the  coldest 
part  of  the  year  ?  Which 
is  the  hottest  part  ? 

What  season  comes  be- 
fore   summer?      What   one   comes   before   winter? 

Can  you  name  three  kinds  of  fruit  that  ripen  in 
autumn  ?     Three  in  summer  ? 


In   what    season    do    most   of    the   wild    flowers 
blossom  ? 

What  can  you  see  on  a  winter  day  that  you  cannot 
see  on  a  summer  day  ? 

What  games  do  you  play  in  winter  ?     What  ones 
in  summer  ?     In  spring  ?     In 
autumn  ? 

Which  season  do   you   like 
best? 


A   Snowstorm. 


Storks  of  Strassburg. 


103.    Change  of  Seasons. 

Once  a  year  the  earth 
goes  round  the  sun.  The 
path  of  the  earth  is  almost 
a  circle,  with  the  sun  near 
its  center.  For  six  months 
the  vertical  rays  of  the  sun  fall  north  of  the 
equator.  During  the  other  half  of  the  year 
they  fall  south  of  that  line. 
While  the  sun  is  north  of  the  equator  we 
have  spring  and  summer.  While 
south  of  the  equator  we 
ve  autumn  and  winter. 
When  it  is  winter  on  one 
side  of  the  equator  it  is 
summer  on  the  other 
side 


104. 
A  Sign  of  Spring. 

One  sign  of  spring  is 
the  coming  of  the  storks. 
They  visit  nearly  all  parts 
of  Europe,  going  as  far 
north  even  as  Lapland. 
The  storks  make  their 
nests  of  sticks  on  the  tops 
of  buildings  and  in  tali 
trees.  There  they  lay 
their  large  white  eggs. 
These  birds  are  always 
welcome,  as  they  are  thought  to  bring  good  luck. 

When  the  cold  season  begins  in  Europe,  the  storks 
fly  south.     They  cross  the  great  sea  and  visit  Africa. 


pg^Bafcr 


Some  of  the  storks  wade  along  the  shores  of  the 
Nile,  searching  for  frogs,  snakes  and  fish.  Others 
feed  in  the  swamps  and  marshes  of  the  lake  region, 
where  the  Nile  rises.  Still  others  fly  to  the  far-off 
southern  part  of  Africa,  where  summer  reigns  while 
it  is  winter  in  Europe. 

What  does  this  lesson  tell  about  the  seasons  north 
and  south  of  the  equator  ? 

Strassburg  is  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of 
the  Rhine. 

105.    Belts  of  Heat.1 

What  river  basins  does  the  equator  cross  ? 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Arctic  ocean?  Are  their 
basins  cold  or  warm  ? 

What  river  basins  are  about  halfway  between  the 
equator  and  the  poles  ? 

Which  part  of  the  earth  is  in  the  hot  belt  ? 
What  river  basins  are  in  this  belt? 

The  hot  belt  has  no  winter.  Here  some 
parts  of  the  year  are  cooler  than  others,  and 
some  months  are  rainy  while  others  are  dry. 


What  river  basins  are  in  the  warm  belts? 

The  warm  belts  are  a  little  cooler  than 
the  hot  belt.  They  have  long  summers  and 
short  winters.  Snow  is  seldom  seen  in  the 
warm  belts,  except  on  mountains,  but  there 
are  many  frosty  nights  in  winter. 

What  river  basins  are  in  the  cool  belts  ? 

The  cool  belts  have  cold  winters  and  hot 
summers.  The  air  of  spring  and  autumn  is 
cool.  The  land  is  white  with  snow  during 
a  large  part  of  winter  and  early  spring. 

There  is  but  little  land  in  the  southern  cool 
belt. 

The  cold  belt  of  the  north  has  very  long 
winters  and  short  summers.  Along  the  Arctic 
coast  in  this  belt  the  soil  is  deeply  frozen  the 
year  round.  The  hot  sun  of  summer  thaws 
it  only  a  few  inches  in  depth. 

Even  in  summer  a  wide  field  of  ice  and 
snow  spreads  round  each  pole. 

1  See  Supplement  for  map  of  zones  of  light. 


78 


THE    TRADE     wTXDS. 


106.    The  Trade  Winds. 

In  nearly  all  parts  of  the  hot  belt,  and 
for  a  short  distance  be}?ond  it,  brisk  winds 
blow  in  a  westerly  direction.  These  are 
called  trade  winds. 

The  trade  winds  blow  over  about  one  half 
the  surface  of  the  earth.  As  they  sweep 
over  the  sea  they  gather  up  a  vast  amount  of 
moisture  and  give  it  to  the  river  basins  in 
their  path. 

What  great  river  basins  are  in  the  hot 
belt? 


A  Chinese  Junk  on  the  Pacific 

In  some  places  over  the  land,  the  trade 
winds  turn  from  their  westerly  course.  Over 
the  sea  these  winds  often  blow  for  weeks 
without  changing  either  their  speed  or  their 
direction. 

The  winds  that  bear  moisture  to  the  river 
basins  of  the  warm  and  cool  belts  of  the  north 
blow  mainly  from  the  southwest  and  west. 

On  the  cover  of  this  hook  there  is  a  picture 
of  the  fleet  of  Columbus.  The  trade  winds 
filled  the  sails  of  this  fleet,  during  the  famous 
voyage  to  America,  in  1492. 


107.     The  Gulf  Stream. 

There  are  many  streams  of  salt  water  in 
the  sea.  These  are  called  ocean  currents. 
Some  are  warm  and  others  are  cold. 

Wide  ocean  currents  flow  westward  under 
the  trade  winds.  A  branch  of  one  of  these 
currents  winds  among  and  around  the  West 
Indies,  and  then  flows  northeast  across  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  After  passing  Cuba  this  cur- 
rent is  called  the  Gulf  stream. 

Between  Cuba  and  Florida  this  stream  is 
about    forty    miles    wide    and   half    a    mile 
deep.    It  flows  about  five  miles  an  hour.    The 
water  is  dark  blue  and  quite 
warm. 

As  the  Gulf  stream  crosses 
the  Atlantic,  it  widens  and 
flows  more  slowly.  West  of 
-•  Europe  this  warm  stream 
divides.  One  part  flows 
along  the  northwest  shore 
of  Europe  while  the  other 
part  turns  towards  Africa. 

The  Gulf  stream  warms 
the  winds  that  sweep  oyer 
it,  and  these  winds  bear 
much  warmth  to  western 
Europe.  Thej^  give  mild 
weather  all  the  year  to 
the  British  Isles.  By  and  by  we  shall  learn 
about  other  great  currents  in  the  sea. 

The  strange  vessel  in  the  picture  is  called  a  junk. 
It  is  made  of  bamboo,  —  a  large  grass-like  plant  that 
grows  in  southeast  Asia. 

Several  years  ago  a  junk  was  wrecked  off  the 
coast  of  China.  Its  masts  were  broken  off  and  its 
sails  were  blown  away. 

For  weeks  and  weeks  the  hull  drifted  in  a  great 
ocean  current.  At  length  it  was  found  upon  the  rocky 
shore  of  Alaska,  thousands  of  miles  from  the  place 
where  it  lost  its  masts. 

The  junk  drifted  in  the  Japan  current.  In  what 
direction  does  this  current  flow  ? 


Can  you  name  a  plant  that  grows  in  a  swamp  ? 
Can  you  name  one  that  grows  in  a  sandy  place  ? 

What  flowers  have  you  seen  growing  in  the  woods  ? 

Of  what  use  is  the  tuft  on  the  thistle  seed  ? 

Do  you  know  of  any  seeds  so  light  that  they  are 
blown  about? 

Try  to  find  a  seed  that  will  float  on  water.  How  might  that  seed 
be  carried  from  one  place  to  another? 

Can  you  name  any  birds  that  feed  on  seeds  ?     On  fruits  ? 
.  Can  you  name  an  enemy  of  each  of  these  plants :  potato,  tomato, 
corn,  apple  ? 

109.    Soil,  Water  and  Heat. 

Every  plant  grows  best  where  it  has  the  kind  of  soil, 
and  the  amount  of  water  and  heat  that  it  needs. 

Where  do  pussy  willows  and  cat-tails  grow?  Have  you 
ever  seen  them  on  high  rocky  places  ?  They  like  swamps 
and  the  banks  of  ponds  and  streams. 

Where  does  the  water  lily  grow  ?  Where  are  its  roots  ? 
Do  you  think  that  you  could  make  a  water  lily  grow 
in  your  garden? 

Have  you  ever  seen  the  pretty  white  heads  of  clover 
waving  in  dry  pastures  ?  Red  clover  also  grows  in  such 
pastures,  but  more  of  it  is  found  in  moist  meadows. 

Pines  thrive  on  dry  and  rocky  hillsides.  Wheat  grows 
best  in  the  rich  soil  of  prairies.  Oranges  ripen  in  sunny 
lands  where  the  warm  season  lasts  nearly  all  the  year. 

All  over  the  earth,  plants  search  out  the  soil,  heat  and 
moisture  that  best  suit  their  needs. 


80 


PLANTS    OF    THE    HOT    BELT. 


110.     Plants  of  the  Hot  Belt. 

"Which  of  the  little  people  whom  we  have  visited 
live  near  the  equator  ?     See  pages  55  to  73. 


Spices. 

What  do  the  people  of  Java  eat  ?  What  plants 
grow  near  the  home  of  our  Malay  friends  ? 

Where  is  Tibbu's  home  ?  "What  plants  supply 
food  to  the  people  of  the  Kongo  basin? 

"What  have  you  learned  about  the  selvas  ?  What 
large  lily  grows  in  the  shallow  water  of  the  Amazon 
river  ?     Why  is  it  so  hard  to  travel  in  the  selvas  ? 

What  do  you  know  about  the  seasons  of  the  hot  belt  ? 

The  hot  belt  includes  parts  of  the  basins  of 
the  Amazon,  Nile  and  Kongo  rivers,  the  pen- 
insulas of  southern  Asia,  and  the  islands 
southeast  of  Asia. 

This  belt  has  a  hot  or  a  warm  season  all 
the  year,  with  plenty  of  rain.  The  hot  belt 
is  very  rich  in  plant  life. 

Among  the  chief  food  plants  are  the  plan- 
tain, breadfruit,  date  and  cocoanut. 


The  plantain  is  very  much  like  the  banana. 

The  banana  often  grows  to  the  height  of 
twenty  feet,  with  leaves  ten  feet  in  length. 
The  fruit  grows  in  large  clusters. 

In  hot  lands  the  banana  is  widely  used  as 
food.  On  many  islands  of  the  Pacific  it  is  the 
chief  food  of  the  natives. 

Breadfruit  grows  on  a  tree  that  has  large 
glossy  leaves.  The  fruit  is  about  as  large  as  a 
melon.  It  is  picked  just  before  it  is  ripe,  and 
is  often  cooked  by  baking.  This  useful  fruit 
tastes  like  boiled  potatoes  and  sweet  milk. 

The  breadfruit  is  also  cut  into  slices  and 
dried  in  the  sun.  The  slices  are  then  baked,  or 
they  are  ground  to  flour  and  made  into  bread. 

The  islands  southeast  of  Asia  are  very  rich 
in  spices.  Among  these  are  pepper,  cloves, 
nutmeg  and  cinnamon. 

Cloves  grow  on  trees.  The  buds  are  picked  when 
they  turn  red.  They  are  then  dried  and  sent  to 
market.     Cloves  have  a  hot,  biting  taste. 

Cinnamon  is  the  dried  bark  of  a  kind  of  small  tree. 
The  outer  bark 
is  taken  off,  and 
only  the  inner 
bark  is  dried  for 
market.  Do  you 
like  this  fragrant 
spice  ? 

Nutmegs  are 
takenfromalittle 
fruit  that  grows 
on  a  large  tree. 
The  seed  of  this 
fruit  is  taken  out 
and  dried  for  sev- 
eral weeks.  It 
is  then  cracked  • 
open  and  out 
comes  a  hard 
kernel. 

This  kernel  is 
the   nutmeg   which 
and  pies. 

Pepper  berries 
ing  shrub  or  vine 


Banana  Plant. 


is    often    grated    into    puddings 

row  in  long  clusters  on  a  climb- 
The  berries  are  dried  in  the  sun. 


PLANTS     OF    THE    WARM    BELTS. 

111.     Plants  of  the  Warm  Belts. 


81 


that    lies    south    of    the    Kongo    basin    and 
There  is  a  -warm  belt  on  each  side  of  the     nearly  all  of  Australia. 

hot  belt.  The   seasons  of   the  warm  belts  are  lone, 

The  warm  belt  on  the  north  includes  Mexico,     hot  summers   and  short,  cool  winters.     The 

the     southern     part 

of  the  United  States, 

the    shores    of    the 

Mediterranean     sea, 

the     basin    of     the 

Ganges,     and     the 

southern  half  of  the 

plains  of  China. 
The  warm  belt  of 

the    south    includes 

the  Plata  river  basin, 

the    part    of    Africa 


Plants  of  the  Heat  Belts. 


plants  of  these 
belts    are    very 
much  like  those 
of  the  hot  belt. 
Among     the 
fruits     of     the 
warm  belts  are 
oranges,  lemons, 
figs  and  grapes. 
The  chief  cloth- 
ing plant  is  cot- 
ton. The  leading  grain 
is  rice. 

The  warm  slopes  of 

southeast  Asia  produce 

a  large  amount  of  tea. 

What  have  you  read 

about  cotton  and  tea  ? 


82 


PLANTS    OF    THE    COOL    BELTS. 


112.     Plants  of  the   Cool  Belts. 

The  cool  belt  on  the  north  is  a  wide  path 
across  the  middle  of  North  America,  Europe 
and  Asia. 

There  is  but  little  land  in  the  cool  belt 
south  of  the  equator. 

In  the  cool  belt  of  the  north  the  hot  and 
cold  seasons  are  about  . 

equal  in  length.      Tbe  _4—^N_L\ 


113.     Plants  of  the   Cold  Belt. 

A  cold  belt  reaches  from  the  bleak  slopes 
near  the  Arctic  shore  to  the  north  pole. 

Very  little  is  known  about  the  islands  in 
the  icy  sea  round  the  south  pole. 
The  cold  belts  have  very  short  summers. 
Stunted  trees  and  shrubs  grow  nearly  as  far 
north  as  the  Arctic  shores. 
What  does  the  reindeer  feed  on  ? 


chief  products  are  grains,  — 
wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats  and  barley. 
The  best  grazing  lands  are  in  the 
cool  belt  of  the  north.  Here  are 
also  the  largest  forests  of  soft 
woods, —  pine,  fir,  spruce,  etc. 

What  have  you  read  about  the  prairies  of  North 
America  ? 

These  prairies  are  in  the  cool  belt  and  form  one 
of  the  largest  and  richest  garden  regions  on  earth. 
Over  large  areas  the  soil  is  more  than  fifty  feet  in 
depth.  The  rainfall  is  plentiful,  and  the  land  is  so 
nearly  level  that  most  of  the  rain  that  falls  here 
sinks  into  the  soil. 

The  picture  on  this  page  is  a  harvest  scene  on 
the  prairies.  The  large  machines  drawn  by  horses 
reap  and  bind  the  wheat. 

What  kinds  of  grain  are  made  into  flour  ? 


Uses  of  Plants. 


Name  six  plants  that  supply  food. 

What  kinds  of  cloth  are  made  from  plants  ? 

What  kinds  of  wood  are  used  in  houses  ? 

Do  you  know  of  any  plants  that  are  used  for 
medicine  ? 

What  articles  are  made  from  bark  ?  From  sap  ? 
From  buds  ?    Leaves  ?    Roots  ?    Blossoms  ?    Wood  ? 


ANIMALS. 


115.    Animals,  —  Their   Teeth,    Claws,    etc. 

Name  two  animals  that  feed  on  grass  ?  What 
kinds  of  feet  or  toes  have  they  ? 

Draw  an  eagle's  foot,  and  a  duck's  foot.  Can  you 
tell  the  uses  of  each  ? 


The  heavy  horse  with  wide  hoofs  can  graze 
on  soft  land,  and  its  feet  do  not  cling  to  the 
grass  roots. 

The  humming  bird  has  a  long  slender  bill 
which  it  thrusts  deep  into  sweet  blossoms  for 


UMMING   BIRO. 


How  do  the  teeth  of  a  cow  differ  from  those  of  a 
cat  ?  Why  does  a  cow  not  need  sharp  teeth,  like 
those  of  a  cat? 

What  kind  of  covering  has  a  sheep  ?  A  frog  ?  A 
trout  ?     A  robin  ?     Where  does  each  live  ? 

Which  do  you  think  are  warmer,  feathers  or  furs  ? 

116.    Animals  and  their  Homes. 

Every  creature  is  suited  to  its  proper  home. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  bills,  legs,  feet, 
tongues,  noses  and  teeth,  but  each  kind  has 
its  special  use.      It  helps  the  animal  to  get 


nectar  and  insects.  The  heron  has  long  legs 
for  wading,  and  a  neck  of  about  the  same 
length  to  reach  down  for  food. 

Animals  have  many  kinds  of  coverings. 
There  are  turtles  with  strong  shells,  fish  with 
thin  scales,  birds  with  light  feathers,  frogs 
with  smooth  skin,  sheep  with  curly  wool, 
and  squirrels  with  soft  fur.  Some  animals 
are  suited  to  live  in  water,  and  others  on 
land  or  in  the  air. 

All  around  us  there  is  a  struggle  for  food. 


food  or  to  protect  itself  in  the  place  where  it 
lives. 

The  eagle  has  sharp  claws  and  a  beak  to 
hold  and  to  tear  the  flesh  on  which  it  feeds. 


The  sharp-eyed  robin  makes  a  dainty  meal 
of  earthworms,  and  soon  the  cheery  songster 
may  be  in  the  claws  of  a  cat.  The  owl  flies 
about  in  the  evening,  looking  for  field-mice. 


84 


ANIMALS    OF    THE    HEAT    BELTS. 


V       & 


Every    creature  has    some 

means  of   defense  or  of    es- 

~_     cape.    The  fly,  with  its  many 

r  eyes    and    its    wings,    often 

saves  itself   by  flight.     The 

turtle  draws  itself  within  its  hard  shell.     The  bee  thrusts 

out  its  sting.     The  horse  kicks,  the  cow  tosses,  the  dog 

bites  and  the  squirrel  leaps  from  branch  to  branch  or 

darts  into  a  hole. 

Animals  often  roam  about  in  search  of  food,  but 
there  are  places  that  they  cannot  cross.  They  may 
be  swift  and  strong,  but  they  cannot  live  be3'ond 
the  regions  that  produce  then-  food. 

Cattle    roam    over   meadows    and   high,   grassy 

plains,  but  they  cannot  pass  over  broad,  rocky 

heights  or  sandy  tracts.     The  Avild  horse  must  stop  at 

the  border  of  the  grassland.     Animals  whose  food  is  in  the 

sea  cannot  wander  far  from  the  shore. 

What  a  wonderful  storybook  Nature  writes  in  each  season. 
How  pretty  the  pictures  are !  Can  you  read  the  story  that  the 
spider  spins  in  its  web  ?  Can  you  draw  a  picture  as  pretty 
as  that  upon  the  wing  of  a  butterfly? 


Animals   of  the   Heat  Belts. 


Among 


Many  large  and  fierce  animals  live  in  the  hot  belt, 
these  are  the  elephant,  the  lion  and  the  gorilla. 

Where  is  the  home  of    the  camel?      Of  the  tapir? 
The  crocodile  ?     The  boa  ?     The  rhinoceros  ? 

Why  cannot  the  animals  of  Africa  reach  Australia 
or  South  America  ? 

Only  a  few  animals  can  cross  oceans,  deserts 
or  lofty  highlands.     For  this  reason  the  same 
kinds  of  animals  do  not  roam  over  all  parts 
of  a  heat  belt. 
See  what  queer  animals  live  in  Australia!     There 
is  one  with  a  bill  like  that  of  a  duck.     Another  is 
covered    with    sharp    spines.      Have    you    ever    seen   a 
kangaroo  ? 
The  giraffe  feeds  on  leaves  and  branches.     Of  what  use  is  its  long 
neck  ?     In  which  grand  division  is  the  giraffe  found  ? 
Where  is  the  home  of  the  llama  and  the  alpaca  ?     Name  a  large  bird 
that  lives  among  the  Andes. 


ANIMALS    OF    THE    HEAT    BELTS. 


85 


Name  three 
animals  that 
live   in   the 
warm    belt    M 
of  the  south. 

Name  three  in  the  warm  belt  of  the 
north. 

Where  is  the  home  of  the 
bison  ?  Of  the  buffalo  ?  The 
jak?  The  moose?  The 
grizzly  bear?  The  chamois? 
The    elk? 

Is  the  beaver  found  in 
•a  cold  land  or  in  a  warm 
one?  Name  four  an- 
imals of  the  cool  belt 
of  the  north. 

Cattle,    sheep   and 
horses    are    found 
chiefly  in  the  cool 
and  warm  belts. 

Some  animals 
brave  even  the 
Arctic    weather 
in   their  search 
for  food.  Neither 
the   chilly   wind, 
the    frozen    ground 
nor  the  icy  water   can  rob  their 
bodies  of  warmth,  for  they  have  soft 
fur,  downy  feathers  or  oily  flesh. 

Name  four  large  animals  that  live 
in  the  Arctic  regions. 

Perhaps  you    can   draw  some  of  the 
animals  in  the  pictures. 

118.    Uses   of  Animals. 

What  animals  work  for  man  ? 

What  uses  does  man.  make  of  the  cow  ?     Of  the 
horse  ?     Of  the  hen  ?     Dog  ?     Cat  ?     Sheep  ? 

What  is  made  from  skins  ?     From  shells  ?     From  hair  ?     Horns  ?     Furs  ? 
Feathers  ?     Bones  ?     What  animals  supply  man  with  food  ?     With  clothing  ? 

What  animals  have  you  for  pets  at  home  ? 


Coast  near  San  Francisco. 


Coast  of  Maine. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


119.    Surface  of  the  United  States. 

The  United  States  includes  the  middle  part 
of  North  America,  Alaska  and  various  island 
possessions. 

The  north  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  is 
at  one  third  of  the  distance  from  the  equator 
to  the  north  pole.  The  line  which  is  just 
halfway  between  the  equator  and  this  pole 
passes  through  the  Great  Lakes.  The  southern 
part  of  the  United  States  is  in  the  warm  belt. 
The  northern  part  is  mainly  in  the  cool  belt. 

Review.  —  What  bodies  of  water  border  on  the 
United  States? 

Between  what  high  mountains  does  the  Great 
Basin  lie? 

Where  does  the  Colorado  river  rise  ?  For  what  is 
it  noted?      Into  what  gulf  does  it  flow? 

Through  what  high  range  does  the  Columbia      bill 
river  flow  ?     Into  what  sea  does  the 
Yukon  river  flow  ? 


Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ?  Name  them.  What 
river  flows  from  lake  Ontario  ?     See  map,  page  90. 

What  bounds  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi  on  the 
west  ?     On  the  east  ?     On  the  north  ? 

Name  a  large  river  that  flows  into  the  Mississippi 
from  the  west.  Where  does  the  Missouri  river  rise  ? 
Into  what  does  the  Ohio  river  flow  ? 

Where  are  the  prairies  ?  The  western  plains  ? 
The  southern  plains  ?  Tell  what  you  have  learned 
about  the  surface  of  the  United  States. 

Where  is  the  city  of  New  York  ? 

Southward  from  New  York,  along  the 
Atlantic  ocean  and  gulf  of  Mexico,  the  coast 
is  mainly  low  and  sandy.  The  best  harbors 
are  near  the  mouths  of  rivers  or  form  parts 
of  large  bays. 

East  and  northeast  of  New  York  the  coast  is 
in  many  places  rocky  and  broken,  and  there  are 
many   fine   harbors.      There   are 
but    few    good    harbors    on    the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 


Coast  oi   Southern   California. 


Coast  of  Florida. 


UNITED   STATES. 


87 


120.     People. 

Who  was  Columbus  ?  "When  did  he  live  ? 
What  people  lived  in  America  at  that  time  ? 

Nearly  all  the  early  settlers  in  the  land 
now  called  the  United  States  made  their  homes 
along  the  Atlantic  coast.     Let  us  see  why  :  — 

a.  The  early  settlers  came  from  Europe 
and  landed  on  the  east  coast. 

h.  There  were  no  roads  nor  long  rivers 
leading  inland  from  this  coast  to  the  prairies. 


Towns  soon  grew  up  along  the  lakes  and 
rivers.  Many  of  the  towns  were  trading  sta- 
tions where  the  Indians  sold  furs  for  beads, 
knives,  powder  and  other  articles. 

About  fifty  years  ago  gold  was  found  near 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  many  people  went  there 
in  search  of  fortunes.  Some  crossed  the  vast 
plains  and  basin  region,  in  wagons  or  on 
horses.  Others  sailed  round  cape  Horn. 
Still  others  went  in  vessels  to  the  isthmus  of 
Panama,  crossed  that  neck  of  land,  and  then 


c.  The  Appalachian  highland  stood  between 
the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  prairies. 

d.  Savage  tribes  held  the  lands  that  were 
a  little  back  from  the  coast. 

e.  The  settlers  wished  to  trade  with  the 
ships  from  Europe. 

After  a  time,  people  found  that  there  were 
vast  fertile  prairies  west  of  the  mountains, 
and  that  they  could  reach  them  by  sail- 
ing down  the  Ohio  river  or  up  the  Great 
Lakes.  Many  also  went  up  the  Mississippi 
river  from  its  mouth. 


sailed  up  the  coast.  Thus  the  west  shore  of 
our  country  was  settled. 

From  time  to  time  new  deposits  of  silver 
and  gold  were  found  in  many  parts  of  the 
Rocky  mountain  highland.  Mining  camps 
soon  grew  to  be  towns  or  cities,  and  thus 
even  the  great  highland  was  settled. 

The  clots  on  the  above  map  show  the  loca- 
'tion  of  cities  and  towns.  Where  are  the  dots 
largest  and  thickest  ? l 

1  The  star  on  the  map  shows  the  center  of  population, 
according  to  latest  census. 


88 


UNITED    STATES. 


Which  has  the  greater  number  of  dots, 
the  Mississippi  basin  or  the  Rocky  Mountain 
highland  ?  What  part  of  the  Mississippi 
basin  is  most  thickly  settled  ? 


Where  is  the  Pacific  slope?  Where  is  the 
Atlantic  slope  ?  Which  of  these  slopes  is  the 
more  thickly  settled  ?     Can  you  tell  why  ? 

About  one  tenth  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States  are  Negroes. 

A  long  time  ago,  many  black  people  from 
Africa  were  sold  as  slaves  in  the  United 
States.  Their  labor  proved  most  helpful  in 
the  cotton  fields  of  the  South. 

At  length  all  the  slaves  were  set  free,  and 
most  of  them  made  their  homes  on  the  southern 
plains  where  they  had  worked. 

The  number  of  Indians  in  the  United 
States  is  very  small  compared  with  the  num- 
ber of  Negroes.  The  red-brown  people  of  the 
United  States  have  in  most  cases  been  placed 
on  lands  set  apart  for  them  in  various  parts 
of  the  country. 

121.     July  4,   1776. 

Each  band  of  early  settlers  formed  a  colony. 
The  people  of  the  colonies  were  called  colo- 
nists. Most  of  those  who  made  their  homes 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  came  from  England. 


During  the  wars  which  the  colonists  had 
with  the  Indians,  many  of  the  small  colonies 
united  to  form  larger  ones.  Can  you  tell 
why  thej-  did  so '.'  After  a  time  there  wer6 
thirteen  large  colonies. 

The  king  of  England  made  the  colonists 
pay  unjust  taxes,  and  at  length  the  colonies 
took  the  name  of  states  and  chose  men  who 
were  to  decide  what  should  be  done. 

On  July  Jf,  1776,  these  brave  men  voted 
to  declare  their  land  free  from  English  rule, 
and  to  form  a  new  nation.  —  "to  assume, 
among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate 
and  ecpial  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature 
and  of  nature's  God  entitle  them." — Declara- 
tion  of  Independence. 

Each  colony  was  called  a  state,  and  all  the 
states  together  formed  the  United  States  of 
America. 

At  that  time  the  United  States  held  the 
land  as  far  west  only  as  the  Mississippi  river. 
The  country  now  reaches  from  ocean  to  ocean, 
and  many  new  states  have  been  formed. 

The  city  of 
Washington  is  the 
capital  of  the 
country. 

All  the  states 
send  men  to  Wash- 
ington, and  these 
make  laws  for  the 
whole  country. 
Each  state  is  also 
somewhat  like  a 
nation,  and  can 
make  laws  for  itself,  but  such  laws  must  not 
conflict  with  those  made  in  Washington. 

Each  state  has  a  capital.  Cities  and  towns 
that  are  capitals  are  marked  b}^  stars  (*.'')  on 
the  maps. 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  "  minute 
men." 


«Wwv 


Minute  Man. 


MAP    STUDIES. 


89 


122.    Map  Studies  of  the  States.1 

In  what  state  do  you  live  ?  In  what  part  of  the 
United  States  is  it  ?     (See  map  on  next  page.) 

Name  the  states  that  border  on  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

What  states  are  separated  by  the  Delaware  river  ? 
By  Delaware  bay  ?  By  Chesapeake  bay  ?  By  the 
Potomac  river  ?     By  the  Savannah  river  ? 

Name  the  states  along  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  In 
which  state  is  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  ?  What 
two  gulf  states  are  separated  by  the  Mississippi 
river  ?  What  river  flows  between  Texas  and 
Mexico  ? 

Which  states  border  on  lake  Erie  ?  On  lake 
Michigan  ?     On  lake  Superior  ? 

Name  the  states  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio. 
On  what  lake  does  each  of  these  states  border  ? 
What  states  are  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ohio  ? 

In  what  state  does  the  Mississippi  river  rise? 
Name  in  order  the  states  along  the  left  bank  of  this 
river.     Name  those  that  lie  along  the  right  bank. 

What  states  are  crossed  by  the  Missouri  river? 
Between  which  does  it  flow  ?  Across  what  states 
does  the  Arkansas  river  flow  ?  2 

What  states  are  crossed  by  the  Rocky  mountains  ? 
What  states  border  on  the  Colorado  river  ?  Which 
are  separated  by  the  Columbia  river  ?  In  what  state 
is  the  Great  Salt  lake  ? 

What  states  border  on  Mexico  ?  On  the  Pacific 
ocean  ?     On  Canada  ? 


123.     Leading  Cities. 


Find  on  the  map 
which  state  each  city 
whether  near  a  large 
range  or  near  the  sea. 

New  York 

Chicago 

Philadelphia 

St.  Louis 

Boston 

Baltimore 

San  Francisco 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Buffalo 

New  Orleans 

Pittsburg 

Washington 

Detroit 

Milwaukee 

Minneapolis 

Louisville 

Omaha 

St.  Paul 

Kansas  City 

Denver 

Richmond 

Nashville 

Atlanta 

Portland  (Ore.) 

Seattle 


the  following  cities.  Tell  in 
is  located ;  also,  where  it  is,  — 
river,  lake,  bay,  gulf,  mountain 

nii  york' 

she-ka'go 

fllVdel'fl-a 

sant  loo'Is 

bos'ton 

bal'tl-mor 

fran-sls'ko 

sln'sln-na'tl 

klev'land 

buf'fa-lo 

6r'le-anz 

pits 'burg 

w5sh'Ing-ton 

de-troit' 

mll-wa'ke 

mln'e-ap'6-lls 

loo'-ls-vll 

6'ma-ha' 

sant  pal 

k&n'sas 

dSn'ver 

rlch'-mond 

nash'vll 

at-lan'ta 

port' land 

se-at'l 


1  How  to  pronounce  the  names  of  states  : 
Alabama  al'a-ba'ma 


Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Carolina 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 


a-las'ka 

&r-I-z6'na 

arfkan-sa' 

kall-for'nl-a 

kar-6-H'na 

k5l'ora'd5 

kSn-net'I-kut 

da-ko/ta 

dSPa-war 

flor'I-da 

jor'jl-a 

I'da-ho 

Il-11-noif 

In'dl-an/a 


Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 


I'S-wa 

kan'sas 

kSn-tak'I 

loo'£-ze-a'na 

man 

m6r'I-land 

m&s'a-chu'-sets 

mlsh'I-gan 

mln'e-so'ta 

mlsls-Ip'I 

mls-oo'ri 

mSn-ta'na 

ne-brSs/ka 

ne-va'da 

h&mp'smr 


New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


jer'zl 

mSx'I-ko 

6-hI'o 

Sk-la-ho'ma 

or'e-g6n 

pgn'sll-va'nl-a 

rod  I'land 

tfin'nes-se' 

t6x'a3 

ii'ta 

ver-m6nt' 

ver-jln'1-a 

w6sh'Ing-ton 

wls-k6n'sln 

wt-6'mlng 


Key  :  ale,  care,  am,  arm,  final,  all ;  eve,  gvent,  2nd,  her,  recent ;  ice,  111 ;  old,  Sbey,  f6r,  6n  ;  use,  up,  fur  ;  food,  fdtit ; 
g  as  in  go. 

2  To  Teacher  :    It  does  not  seem  desirable  at  this  time  to  make  a  distinction  between  states  and  territories. 


UNITED     STATES. 


91 


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92 


COTTON. 


124.     Cotton. 

In  what  part  of  the  United  States  is  cot- 
ton raised  ?    (See  dark  tint  on  map.) 

The  cotton  region,  or  "  belt,"  reaches  from 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  about  halfway  to  the 
Great  Lakes.  It  has  a  long  hot  summer  and 
a  short  cool  winter.  This  region  is  in  the 
warm  belt. 

The  cotton  fields  reach  the  sea  on  the 
east  and  south,  and  the  great  plains  on 
the  west.  Cold  seasons  prevent  this  plant 
from  growing  farther  north. 

The  cotton  region  has  plenty  of 
rain  all  the  year.  It  is  brought 
by  warm  winds  from  over  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  and  from  over  the 
sea  on  the  east. 

New  Orleans  is  the  leading  city 
in  the  cotton  trade. 

Abont  one  half  the  people  on 
earth  wear  clothing  made  wholly 
from  the  fiber  that  grows  around 
cotton     seeds.       Nearly    all    the 


rest  of  the  hiunan 
race,  except  the 
lowest  savages,  use 
it  in  some  portion 
of  their  dress.  Part 
of  the  fiber  is  also 
made  into  thread 
and  rope. 

Machines,  called 
cotton  gins,  are  used 
to  separate  the  fiber 
from  the  seed.  The 
gin  has  little  saw 
teeth  that  draw  the 
fiber  through  slits 
too  narrow  to  admit 
the  seed. 
The  best  cotton 
grows  on  low  islands  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 
It  is  known  as  Sea  Island  cotton,  and  its  fiber 
is  lona;.  fine  and  strong. 

The    states    of   the    northern    half    of    the 
Atlantic    slope    make    millions    of    yards    of 
cotton  cloth  every  year.     Many  cotton  mills 
are  also  run  in  some  cities  of  the  South. 
What  states  are  in  the  cotton  belt  ? 


Cotton  Field 


MAIZE    OR    INDIAN    CORN. 


93 


125.    Maize  or  Indian  Corn. 

The  rich  prairies  between  the  cotton  re- 
gion and  the  Great  Lakes  are  in  the  cool  belt. 
There  the  hot  and  cold  seasons  are  of  about 
equal  length. 

The  soil  of  the  prairies  is  warm  and  mellow 
in  summer.  Once  hi  a  while  there  is  a  very 
dry  season, 
but  as  a  rule 
there  is 
plenty  of 
rain. 

The  prai- 
ries are  the 
richest  grain 
region  on 
earth.  One 
of  the  lead- 
ing grains  is 
maize ,  or 
Indian  corn. 
What  states 
are  in  the 
region  where 
most  of  the 
corn  grows  ? 

Corn  is  often  ground  to  meal  and  is  w 
then   made   into   various    kinds   of    bread 
Green  corn  is  boiled  on  the  cob,  and  used 
as  food. 

When  corn  is  thickly  sown  ears  do  not  form, 
but  the  stalks  are  rich  and  sweet.  These  are 
used  as  fodder  or  food  for  cattle. 

Is  there  a  girl  or  a  boy  in  all  our  land  who 
does  not  know  what  "pop  corn"  is?  Do  you 
like  to  watch  the  kernels  burst  with  a  pop, 
and  puff  into  a  snowy  mass  ? 

Frost  kills  growing  corn,  and  cold  nights 
hinder  its  growth.  For  these  reasons,  it 
does  not  grow  so  far  north  as  some  hardier 
grains  do. 


When  the  white  men  came  to  America, 
they  found  that  the  Indians  had  large  fields 
of  corn.1  This  useful  grain  was  then  taken 
to  Europe,  and  later  to  nearly  all  lands  hav- 
ing long  and     ifo,      tf   hot  summers. 

Chicago    is  \      «?!&£?    the     center    of    the 


corn  trade  in  the  United  States.     Where  is 
Chicago  ? 

Thousands  of  shiploads  of  grain  are  sent 
down  the  Great  Lakes  from  this  city.  A  large 
part  of  this  grain  passes  through  the  Erie  canal. 

xIt  is  claimed  that  maize  was  known  to  the  people  of 
southeast  Asia  long  before  the  discovery  of  America,  but 
this  grain  did  not  come  into  general  use  till  long  after  it 
was  found  in  the  gardens  of  the  Indians. 


9-4 


WHEAT. 


126.     Wheat. 

To  the  people  of  the  United  States,  wheat 
is  the  most  valuable  of  all  grains. 

Wheat  is  chiefly  used  in  making  flour. 
The  little  seed  or  fruit  consists  of  a  grain  in- 
side a  husk.  Only  the  inner  part  of  the  grain 
is  ground  into  fine  white  flour. 

Wheat  thrives  all  over  the  rich  prairies, 
and  even  far  north  across  the  border  of  the 
United  States.  The  valleys  of  the  Pacific 
slope  yield  large  crops  of  this  useful  grain. 

A  large  part  of  the  wheat  crop  passes 
through  Chicago.  Every  year  this  city  ships 
many  million  bushels  by  steamer  and  by  rail. 
The  chief  ports  that  handle  wheat  are  New 
York,   Baltimore    and    San   Francisco.      The 


and' 


leads 
the  world  in  making  flour. 
Where  are  these  cities  ? 

It  is  not  known  where 
wheat  was  first  found,  but 
it  is  not  a  native  of  America. 
This  grain  is  chiefly  raised 
loarin  belts. 

Our  country  now  produces  about  one  fourth 
of  all  the  wheat  in  the  world.  This  grain 
stands  cold  nights  and  frost  much  better  than 
corn  does,  and  so  is  raised  much  farther  north. 

Find  out  at  home  what  articles  are  made 
of  wheat  flour.  Have  you  ever  been  in  a  mill 
in  which  corn  or  wheat  is  ground  ? 

Name  the  states  in  which  the  most  wheat 
is  raised. 


FORESTS. 


95 


127.     Forests. 

What  objects  that  you  can  now  see  are  made  of 
•wood  ? 

Can  you  name  a  tree  that  gives  us  food,  and  one 
that  helps  to  warm  us  ? 


trees  died  from  old  age  there  were  none  there 
to  take  their  places. 

The  trees  of  the  Pacific  slope  are  chiefly 
soft  wood,  such  as  pine  and  fir.  Those  in. the 
eastern  part  of  the  country  are  largely  hard 


Have  you  ever  taken  any  kind  of  medicine  that      wood,  such  as  maple  and  oak.     There  are  also 
came    from   a 
tree  ? 

Which  is  the 
prettiest  wood 
that  you  have 
seen  in  furni- 
ture ?  Do  you 
know  of  two 
kinds  of  trees 
that  are  used 
in  building 
houses  ? 

What  parts 
of  wagons  are 
made  of  wood? 
Name  some 
wooden  weap- 
ons. Of  what 
do  Indians 
make  canoes  ? 

What  kinds 
of  trees  grow 

near  your  school  ?  Perhaps 
you  can  make  a  collection  of 
various  kinds  of  wood. 

JPtf 
Three  parts   of   the   United      •'-' 

States  have  very  few  trees.    These 

are  the  prairies,  the  western  plains 

and  the  Great  Basin.     The  western 

plains  and  the  Great   Basin  do  not  receive  dense   forests    of    pine 

rain  enough  to  support  forests.  stretching    westward    from 

There  is  plenty  of  rain  on  the  prairies,  and  Maine.     They  extend  far  beyond 

it  is  thought  that  many  years  ago  that  region  the  Great  Lakes, 

was  forest-clad.  Do  not  think   that  trees   cover  all  places 

Before   the    white    people    settled    on    the  shaded  on  the  map.      In  the  forest  regions 

prairies,    the    Indians   often    set   fire   to    the  there  are  millions  of  acres  of  grass,  cotton, 

grass  so  that  it  would  spring  up  fresh  and  grain,  tobacco   and  scores  of   other  kinds  of 

green    for  the  herds    of   bisons.       The    fires  useful  plants, 

killed  the  young  trees,  and  when  the  large  Name  six  uses  of  trees. 


96 


CATTLE. 


128.     Cattle. 

What  kind  of  meat  do  you  like  best  ?  What  ani- 
mals supply  mutton  ?  What  ones  supply  pork  ? 
Beef  ?     Veal  ? 

How  is  butter  made  ?     What  is  cheese  made  of  ? 

What  uses  are  made  of  the   hides  of  cattle? 

There  are  thousands  of  cattle  in  even  the 
smallest  of  the  states,  but  millions  graze  on 
the  prairies  and  western 
plains. 

Texas  is  the  leading 
cattle  state.  IoAva  holds 
second  place. 

The  cattle  of  the 
plains  are  raised  chiefly 
for  beef  and  hides.  The 
hides  are  sent  east  to 
be  made  into  leather. 

A  large  part  of  the 
wealth    of    the    people 

who  live  on  the  prairies  consists  of  cows. 
These  are  kept  not  only  for  milk,  but  also  for 
butter  and  cheese. 


The  milk  room  on 
a  farm  is  called  a 
dairy.  Milk,  butter 
and  cheese  are  dairy 
products. 

New  York  is  the 
leading  dairy  state. 
The  other  states 
also  that  border  on 
the  Great  Lakes  are 
rich  in  dairy  prod- 
ucts. Iowa  is  the 
leading  dairy  state 
west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river. 

The  places  marked 
on  the  map  show 
only    where    the 

largest  number  of  cattle  are  found,  and  we 

should  not  forget  that  there  are  many  cattle 

in  nearly  every  settled  portion  of  this  broad 

land. 
Chicago    and    Kansas    City   are   the    chief 

centers  for  meat  packing.     WTiere  are  these 

cities  ? 
The  states  raising  the  greatest  number  of 

sheep  are  Texas,  Ohio  and  California.     Ohio 


A  Scene  on  the  Western  Plains. 


produces  the  most  wool.  The  states  in  the 
northeast  part  of  the  United  States  make  a 
large  amount  of  woolen  cloth  and  yarn. 


COAL. 


97 


Coal  Bleaker. 


129.     Coal. 

Coal  is  dug  from  layers  or  beds 

in  the  ground.       The    patches  of 

color    on    this    map    show  where 

these  beds  are  found. 
Coal  is  formed  chiefly  of   great 

ferns,1  mosses  and  rushes  that  grew 

in  vast    swamps,    long    ages    ago. 

These  plants  died  and  made  thick 

woody  layers  in  the  swamps. 
In  some  way  these  layers  were 

buried  in  mud,  upon  which   other 

plants  grew.      For  ages  and  ages 

the  work  went  on,  till  there  were 

many  layers  of  woocby  plants  buried 

deep  in  beds  of  mud. 
This  wood  was  slowly  changed 

into  coal,  and  many  of  the  beds 

of  mud  became  rock.  By  digging  into  some  of  the  ridges,  or  deep 

In  place  of  the  old  swamps  there  are  now     in  the  fields,  people  find  the  brown  or  black 

broad  fields  and  long  mountain  ridges,  but  the     layers  to  burn. 

hard  layers  of  coal  are  still  under  the  surface.         More  than  one  half  the  coal  used  in  the 
1  See  the  tree  fems  on  page  53.  United  States  is  taken  from  the  mines  of  Penn- 

sylvania. Illinois 
ranks  second  and 
Ohio  third. 

"When  hard  coal  is 
taken  from  mines, 
much  of  it  is  in 
large  pieces.  These 
are  crushed  be- 
tween heavy  iron 
or  steel  rollers  in 
great  buildings, 
called  breakers. 

The  boys  in  the 
picture  are  picking 
slate  from  coal,  as 
it  slides  down  a 
long  trough  or 
chute. 


Tif""Eih"^B 


IRON. 


Entrance  to  an  Iron  Mine. 


130.     Iron. 


What  objects  can  you  now  see  that  are  made  of 
iron  ?     What  iron  articles  are  used  in  your  homes  ?  1 

Name  ten  iron  tools  ;  five  iron  weapons  ;  three  iron 
machines.  What  iron  goods  have  you  seen  in  stores  ? 
In  what  parts  of  your 
school  building  is  iron 
used  ? 

Can  you  name  some 
of  the  uses  of  iron  on 
railroads?  Do  you 
know  what  steamships 
are  made  of  ? 

Which  do  you  think 
is  the  more  useful, 
wood  or  iron  ? 

When  some  kinds 
of  rock  are  heated 
very  hot,  they  melt 
and  iron  comes 
from  them.  The 
rocks  which  con- 
tain iron  are  called 


coal,  but  we  do  not  know  exactly  how  the 
iron  rocks  were  formed. 

Coal  is  used  ha  melting  iron  ore,  and  it 
often  happens  that  coal  and  iron  are  found 
near  the  same  places.  Many  large  cities  owe 
their  growth  to  this  fact.  Can  you  tell  what 
articles  are  often  made  in  such  cities? 

The  richest  iron  mines  in  this  country  are 
near  lake  Superior.  In  the  production  of 
iron  ore,  Michigan  leads  all  other  states. 
Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Alabama  also 
have  very  rich  mines  of  iron  ore. 

The  great  centers  of  steel  and  iron  manu- 
facture are  Chicago  and  Pittsburg.  Here  are 
made  most  of  the  steel  rails  used  in  this 
country;  also,  armor  plates  for  warships,  steel 
plates  for  other  steamships,  and  nearly  every 
kind  of  tool  and  machine  used  by  the  people 
of  this  great  nation. 

It  is  the  nearness  of  coal  and  iron  mines 
that  places  these  cities  in  the  lead. 

Before  men  could  read  or  write,  and  while 


iron  ores. 

Some  iron  ore  is 
dug  from  the  ground 


It  is  in  layers,  like     they  were  yet  savages,  they  melted  iron  from 
1  Steel  is  one  form  of  iron.  the  ore  and  shaped  it  into  weapons. 


GOLD    AND     SILVER. 


99 


131. 
Gold  and   Silver. 

Do  you  know  any  of 
the  uses  of  gold  ? 

Name  some  articles 
that  are  made  of  silver. 
Can  you  name  the  silver 
coins  used  in  the  United 
States  ?  Can  you  name 
the  gold  coins  ? 

What  is  the  color  of 
gold  ?     Of  silver  ? 

Which  is  the  more 
useful,  gold  or  iron  ? 

Pure  gold  is  taken 
from  the  beds  of 
streams,  and  also 
out  of  the  ground. 
Gold  is  often  mixed 
with  other  sub- 
stances in  rocks. 

Silver  is  rarely  found  in 
nature.      Gold    and   silver 
in    the    same    rock    or   ore 


Mining  Town. 

taken  from  the   ore 
at  a  smeltery. 

The  states  in  the 
Rocky  mountain 
highland  yield  near- 
ly all  the  gold  and 
silver  mined  in  this 
country.  Colorado 
and  California 
yield    the    most 

A  Smeltery.  ,    i  1      n      i 

gold,    and    Colo- 

a  pure  state  in     rado  about  one  third  of  the  silver.     Montana 

are    often   found     takes  second  place  in  the  production  of  silver. 

The   metal   is     Both  of   these  "precious  metals"  are    found 

in  nearly  all  the 
ranges  of  the  West- 
ern highland,  but 
the  Rocky  moun- 
tains and  Sierra  Ne- 
vadas  are  richest  in 
silver  and  gold. 

The  silver  mined 
each  year  is  worth 
much  more  than 
the  gold. 

Summary. 
Pennsylvania  is 
the  banner  state  for 
minerals.  Michi- 
gan, Colorado  and 
Montana  are  the 
other  leading  states. 


100 


ROUTES    OF   TRADE. 


132. 

Routes  of 
Trade. 

We  have 
seen  that 
the  same 
products 
arc      not 

found  in  all  parts  of  the  earth.  The  rich 
prairies  are  best  suited  to  farming,  and  the 
higher  plains  to  grazing.  The  southern  plains 
yield  large  harvests  of  cotton,  while  the  high- 
land of  the  west  produces  gold  and  silver. 

Let  us  peep  into  the  stores  a  moment. 
Here  are  tea  from  China,  and  coffee  from 
Brazil.  This  spice  is  from  Java,  and  this 
fruit  is  from  the  groves  of  California.  This 
rubber  was  taken  from  a  tree  in  the  selvas, 
and  these  knives  came  from  the  workshops  of  England. 

Rivers,  railroads  and  oceans  are  the  chief  highways 
of  trade.  Much  has  been  done  to  improve  many  of 
these  highways.  Rocks  have  been  taken  out  of  rivers 
and  harbors,  and  sand  liars  have  been  dredged  away. 
Canals  have  been  made  round  rapids  and  waterfalls,  as 
well  as  from  river  to  river  and  from  sea  to  sea. 

It  is  far  cheaper  to  carry  goods  by  water  than  by 
land.     On  the  sea  there  are  no  roads  nor  tracks  to  be  built 
and  kept  in  repair. 

Every  producing  region  needs  one  or  more  shipping 
points.  These  become  centers  of  trade.  They  should 
be  within  easy  reach  of  all  parts  of  the  region,  and 
should  connect  by  water,  rail  or  other  route,  with  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

Railroads  cross  the  United  States  from  ocean  to  ocean, 
by  half  a-  dozen  routes.  They  run  along  every  seaeoast. 
They  wind  with  great  rivers.  They  climb  mountains  and 
cross  canyons. 

Years  ago  rivers  were  the  chief  highways  of  inland  trade,  but  now 
railroads  have  taken  first  place.  To-day  cities  and  towns  are  dotted 
all  along  the  lines  where  freight  trains  gather  up  the  products  of  farm, 
forest   and   mine. 


CITIES  OF   UNITED  STATES. 


101 


133.     New  York. 

We  will  first  study  the  great  seaports,  and 
then  the  inland  cities. 

New  York  has  a  larger  trade  than  any 
other  city  in  the  United  States. 

The  greater  part  of  this  city  is  on  an 
island  near  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  river. 

New  York  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  world.  Brooklyn  and  Jersey  City  are  on 
the  same  harbor.  The  former  is  a  part  of  New 
York  city.     The  commerce  of  this  great  port 


134.     Boston. 

As  a  seaport  of  the  United  States,  Boston 
ranks  next  to  New  York. 

Boston  has  a  fine  harbor.  This  city  was 
for  a  long  time  the  chief  port  through  which 
the  products  of  the  prairies  and  plains  were 
sent  to  foreign  lands.  The  budding  of  the 
Erie  canal  turned  a  large  part  of  this  trade 
to  New  York.  The  cities  and  towns  for 
many  miles  around  Boston  have  hundreds  of 
busy  workshops.  Here  are  many  mdls  mak- 
ing cotton  and  woolen  cloth ; 
shops  for  boots  and  shoes;  and 
factories  for  all  kinds  of  jew- 
elry, clocks,  knives,  forks 
and  other  articles. 


is  now  about  equal  to  that 

of   London,   the    largest    city  in 

the  world.     The  Erie  canal  leads 

from   lake    Erie  to   the  Hudson 

river,  and  many  of  the  products 

of  the  West  reach  New  York  by 

this  route.     Long  lines  of  railroad 

also  run  to  this  city,  from  all  parts  of  the 

country.     The  West  sends  some  of  its  grain, 

beef   and   iron,    while   the  South  sends  part 

of  its  cotton  and  other  products  to  this  port. 

New  York  is  a  great  center  of  manufact- 
ures. Nearly  all  kinds  of  goods  are  made  in 
this  city  and  the  region  around  it. 

The  canals,  ships  and  radroads  carry  back 
to  the  West  and  South  clothing,  shoes,  tools, 
tea,  coffee  and  hundreds  of  other  articles. 

New  York  is  the  chief  money  center  of  the 
country.  Many  of  the  longest  lines  of  rail- 
road are  owned  here. 


Water   Front,    New  York. 


Boston  is  like  a  main  office  for  these  busy 
workshops.  It  receives  for  them  such  prod- 
ucts as  raw  cotton,  wool,  hides  and  leather, 
and  then  sends  cloth,  boots,  shoes  and  other 
manufactures  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  to  many  other  countries. 

Boston  handles  more  wool  than  any  other 
city  in  the  United  States.  It  is  also  the 
greatest  boot,  shoe  and  slipper  market  in  the 
world. 

This  city  and  its  suburbs  have  been  the 
homes  of  many  famous  patriots,  poets  and 
authors. 


102 


CITIES  OF  UNTIED  STATES. 


135.     New  Orleans. 

New  Orleans  is  about  one  hundred  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and 
forms  a  natural  outlet  of  trade  towards  the 
south.  The  noble  river  floats  to  New  Orleans 
many  of  the  products  of  the  states  that  line 
its  banks. 

New  Orleans  is  the  leading  market  for 
cotton 


Its  trade   in  rice  and  sugar  also  is 


137.     Philadelphia. 

This  city  is  on  the  Delaware  river.  It  is 
one  of  the  leading  ports  of  the  country,  and 
ranks  among  the  first  cities  in  manufactures. 

Philadelphia  owed  its  growth  in  part  to  a 
system  of  canals  leading  to  it  from  the  coal 
and  iron  regions.  Canals  also  connect  this 
port  with  New  York  and  Baltimore.  Where 
is  Baltimore  ? 


A.  Scene  In  New   Orleans. 


large.     The  workshops  of  the  city  are  grow- 
ing very  fast. 

Several  long  lines  of  railroad  center  in  New 
Orleans. 

136.     San  Francisco. 

This  city  has  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  harbors  in  the  world.  Nearly  all 
the  foreign  trade  of  the  Pacific  states  passes 
through  this  port.  The  grainfields,  vine- 
yards, groves,  mines  and  cattle  ranches  send 
many  of  their  products  to  San  Francisco. 
As  a  shipping  point  for  wheat  and  flour, 
this  city  is  near  the  head  of  the  list. 

Tit e  Golden  Gate  is  the  name  of  the  entrance 
to  San  Francisco  harbor  or  bay. 


The  nearness  of  coal  and  iron  gave  Phila- 
delphia a  strong  start  in  manufactures.  Its 
workshops  turn  out  nearly  every  kind  of  iron 
and  steel  goods. 

This  city  ships  a  large  amount  of  coal  and 
iron  to  other  cities. 

Philadelphia  is  reached  b}-  long  lines  of 
railroad  from  the  west,  south  and  north. 
Heavy  trains  bring  to  this  port  grain,  beef, 
cotton,  tobacco  and  other  products. 

The  states  of  Ohio,  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania raise  large  flocks  of  sheep. 

Much  of  the  wool  is  taken  to  Philadelphia, 
and  there  made  into  carpets,  cloth  and 
yarn.  This  city  leads  the  world  in  making 
carpets. 


CITIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 


103 


138.     Chicago. 

We  will  now  study  the  leading  inland  cities. 

One  of  the  chief  routes  of  trade  from  the 
prairies  and  western  plains  to  the  ports  of 
the  Atlantic  is  by  way  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

The  amount  of  shipping  on  these  lakes  is 
very  large,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  trade 
passes  through  Chicago.  This  city  is  the 
greatest  railroad  center  on  earth.  Lines  of 
steel  rails  meet  here  like  spokes  in  a  hub.  A 
canal  passing  through  Chicago  connects  lake 


prairies  and  plains,  carrying  flour,  clothing, 
tools,  machines  and  many  other  articles. 

Other  large  centers  of  trade  are  :  — 

Baltimore,  one  of  the  leading  seaports  of 
the  United  States.  Its  trade  is  about  equal 
in  value  to  that  of  Philadelphia.  Among  the 
chief  exports  of  Baltimore  are  grain,  flour, 
tobacco,  cattle  and  oysters. 

In  recent  years,  Baltimore  has  had  remark- 
able growth  as  a  port  for  the  shipment  of 
grain  carried  by  rail  to  the  seaboard. 

Cincinnati,  clothing,  liquors  and  iron  goods. 

Cleveland,  iron,  copper,  coal  and  petroleum. 


Michigan  with  a  branch  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

Chicago  is  the  largest  grain  and 
meat  market  in  the  world.  It  also 
leads  in  making  steel  rails.  The  iron 
ore  used  in  this  city  is  taken  chiefly 
from  mines  near  lake  Superior,  while  coal  is 
found  in  large  beds  south  of  the  city. 

New  York  is  the  only  city  in  America 
larger  than  Chicago.  The  latter  place  is 
growing  more  rapidly,  perhaps,  than  any 
other  city  in  the  world. 

Chicago  is  famous  as  the  site  of  the  great- 
est fair  ever  held.     What  fair  was  it? 


139.    St.  Louis. 


trade 


St.  Louis    is   the  largest   center    of 
west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  states  along  this  river  below  St.  Louis 
send  cotton,  tobacco  and  sugar  to  this  great 
market.  The  western  plains  and  the  prairies 
supply  cattle  and  grain.  Cars  and  boats  from 
St.    Louis    reach   nearly   every   part   of   the 


World's  Fair  Buildings,  Chicago. 

Buffalo,  grain,  meat,  iron  and  lumber. 
Pittsburg,  steel,  iron,  glass  and  coal. 
Detroit,  grain,  lumber  and  iron  goods. 
Milwaukee,  iron,  liquors,  meat  and  leather. 
Newark,  clothing,  jewelry  and  leather  goods. 
Minneapolis,  flour  and  lumber. 

Louisville,1  tobacco ;  Omaha,  railroad  center ; 
Rochester,  flour ;  St.  Paul,  railroad  center  and  river 
port ;  Kansas  City  (Mo.),  railroad  center,  meat ; 
Providence,  cloth,  jewelry,  engines  and  tools  ;  Den- 
ver, silver,  lead,  lumber  and  flour ;  Indianapolis, 
grain,  meat  and  flour;  Richmond,  tobacco,  flour  and 
iron  goods ;  Memphis,  cotton ;  Wilmington  (Del.), 
steamships  and  iron  goods ;  Grand  Rapids,  furni- 
ture ;  Charleston  and  Savannah,  cotton  and  turpen- 
tine; Duluth,  wheat;  Galveston,  cotton. 

1  Most  teachers  will  doubtless  omit  from  the  primary 
course  the  study  of  this  list.    It  is  placed  here  for  reference. 


104 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


140.     The  United  States. 

Revieiv.  —  Bound  the  United  States. 

What  parts  of  the  United  States  are  high  land  ? 
What  parts  are  low  plains  ?  What  part  of  the  United 
States  is  in  the  warm  belt?  What 
part  is  in  the  cool  belt  ? 

Name  some  of  the  products  of  the 
prairies  ;  of  the  Western  plains  ;  of 
the  Southern  plains ;  of  the  Rocky 
mountain  highland  ;  of  the  Appala- 
chian highland  ;  of  the  Pacific  slope  ; 
of  the  Atlantic  slope. 

What  part  of  the  United  States 
produces  the  largest  amount  of  cot- 
ton ?    Of  corn  ?    Of  gold  and  silver  ? 
Of  beef?     Of  wheat?     Of   lum- 
ber?    Of  coal?     Of  iron? 

What  have  you  learned  about 
New  York  ?  About  Chicago  ? 
Philadelphia?  St.  Louis?  Bos- 
ton ?  San  Francisco  ?  New 
Orleans  ? 

Which  of  these  cities  are  sea- 
ports ?    Which  part  of  the  United 
States  is  most  thickly  set- 
tled ?     Can  you  tell  why  ? 

What  took  place  on  July 
4,  1776  ?  Name  the  capi- 
tal of  the  United  States. 
Where  is  it  ? 

Name  the  capital  of  the 
state  in  which  you  live. 


141.    Canada. 

Bound  Canada. 

Which  belts  of  heat 
cross  Canada  ? 

On  what  river  is  Montreal  ? 

A  large  part  of  Canada, 
lying  northwest  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  is  rich  prairie  land. 
It  yields  heavy  crops  of 
wheat,   and    supports    large 


herds  of  cattle.    A  great  deal  of  wheat  is  also 
raised  north  of  lake  Erie  and  lake  Ontario. 

The  sea  on  the  east  of  Canada  abounds  in 
fish.     Every  year  many  cargoes  of  cod  and 
mackerel  are  sent  from  that 
country  to  other  lands. 

The  chief  exports  of  Canada 
are  lumber,  beef  and  wheat. 
Montreal  is  the  leading  port. 

142.    Mexico. 

What  bodies  of  water  border 
on  Mexico  ?  In  which  belt  of 
heat  does  the  greater  part  of 
Mexico  lie  ? 

Name  the  capital  of  Mexico. 
Where  is  this  city? 

Mexico  consists  mainly  of 

a  plateau,  about  a  mile  and  a 

half  above  the  level  of  the 

sea.'    Along  the  co;>st 

there  is  a  low,  narrow 

plain. 

Hemp,  cotton,  coffee 
and  corn  thrive  here. 
Hemp  is  used  in  mak- 
ing cloth  and  rope. 

Millions  of  cattle  and 

horses    graze    on    the 

high  plain  of  Mexico. 

Among  the  mountains 

there  are  rich  mines  of 

silver.     This  country  sends 

to  the  United  States  silver, 

lemp,  coffee  and  hides.    In 

return  Mexico  receives  raw 

cotton,  iron  goods,  cotton 

cloth  and  coal.     Vera  Cruz 

is  the  chief  port. 


ttr& 


~SJ      low!/     vTK  .^..-s, 

h  T  tie*    y\£f7^'^'' 


MP1 


H^6'" 


,  Orleafis  VJS 


^%J     O    V    L    F        O    F  y  Sx 

"V       (v  I     .  *— XV" 


KOKTH 
AMERICA 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


400  600 

COMPARATIVE  AREA 


^400  MILES 

PENNSYLVANI 

45,000 

SQ  MILE6 


4> 


Gulf  of        ^^-X3)  ASS^^^ii'Si^m 

■V*''.     ~*  x    *''\yemCruz~7o1'    7  ^  »""'"«^ 

<,  .MEXICO,       ..    %!        _Z-J,<>     fT-i  -* 


Longitude  "West 


Greenwich 


106 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


What  belts  of  heat  cross 
Brazil  ? 

Where  is  Rio  de  Janeiro  ? 
Where  is  Para? 

The  most  valuable  product  of 
Brazil  is  coffee.  Rio  de  Janeiro  is 
the  chief  port  in  the  coffee  trade. 

Para  is  a  leading  market  for  India 
rubber.  This  is  made  from  the  sap 
of  many  kinds  of  trees  and  shrubs 
that  grow  in  hot  lands.  Large 
rubber  trees  are  found  on  the  hot 
and  steamy  banks  of  the  Amazon. 


Sugar  and  tobacco  thrive  in  Brazil,  and  millions  of  cattle 
graze  on  its  southern  slopes.  That  country  imports  cloth, 
machines,  tools  and  hardware. 

Brazil  trades  largely  with  the  United  States.  To  what  races 
do  the  people  of  Brazil  belong  ?  The  white  race  rules  in  all 
the  countries  of  South  America. 


144.    Argentina. 

What  belts  of  heat  cross  Argen- 
tina? 

Name  a  large  river  basin  that  is 
partly  in  this  country. 
Where  is  Buenos  Aires  ? 
Millions  of  cattle,  sheep  and  horses 
graze  on  the  pampas.     Hides,  wool 
and  beef  are  leadino;  articles  of  trade. 
Wheat  and  corn  are  the  chief  prod- 
ucts of  the  farms. 

Buenos  Aires  is  the  leading 
port  for  the  products  of  the 
Plata  basin. 

The  imports  of  Argentina 
are  cloth  and  railway  supplies, 
—  engines,  rails  and  wire. 
The  trade  of  this  country 
with  the  United  States  is 
small. 

145.     Chile. 

What  belts  of  heat  cross 
Chile  ? 

Where  is  Valparaiso  ? 

The  wealth  of  Chile  is  in 
its  mines  and  farms.  The 
leading  products  are  niter, 
copper,  silver  and  wheat. 

The  imports  of  Chile  in- 
clude cloth,  beef  and  sugar. 
The  trade  with  the  United 
States  is  very  light.  Val- 
paraiso is  the  leading  port 
of  Chile. 


90      Longitude     80  West        70         from        60   Greenwich  50 


108 


EUROPE. 


146.    The  British  Isles. 

Where  is  England? 
Ireland?  Scotland? 
Wales? 

Where  is  London?  Glas- 
gow? Liverpool?  Dublin? 
In    the    British    Isles 
there  are  vast 
beds  of 
coal  and 


Near    these, 
many     great 
workshops  have 
been  built. 

The  people  of  the  British 
Isles  weave  into  cloth  fully  one 
third  of  the  raw  cotton  and 
wool  raised  hi  the  world.  They 
also  produce  about  one  third  of 
the  iron  and  steel.  Their  ships 
carry  on  one  third  of  the  ocean  commerce. 

To  the  British  Isles  the  United  States  sends 
cotton,  grain,  meat,  tobacco,  copper  and  many 
other  products.  Which  of  these  are  needed  for 
the  workshops  ?     Which  are  used  for  food  ? 

The  British  Isles  send  to  the  United  States 
iron  and  steel  goods,  cotton  and  woolen  cloth, 
silk  and  many  other  articles  from  the  workshops. 

London,  on  the  Thames  river,  is  the  chief 
seaport  and  railroad  center  of  the  British  Isles. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  world. 

The  greater  part  of  the  trade  of  the  United 
States  with  the  British  Isles  is  by  way  of 
Liverpool,  a  city  near  the  west  coast. 

Scotland  is  noted  for  its  iron  and  steel  ships. 
They  are  built  on  the  Clyde  river,  near  Glasgow. 

In  making  linen  goods  Ireland  leads  the  world. 


147.    Germany. 

Where  is  Germany  ? 

Name  the  capital  of  Germany.  On  what 
river  is  Hamburg? 

Germany  has  large  mines  of  coal  and  iron. 
Like  the  British  Isles,  Germany  is  a  land  of 
workshops. 

Hamburg  is  the  chief  seaport  on  the  main- 
land of  Europe.  Berlin  is  the  center  of  vast 
railway  and  canal  systems.  Its  inland  trade 
is  very  large. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Ger- 
many is  in  about  the  same  kinds  of  goods 
as  with  the  British  Isles. 


148.     France. 

Where  is  France  ? 

Name  the  capital  of 
France.  On  what  river 
is  it  ?     Where  is  L}-on  ? 

Only  one  city  in  the 
world  is  larger  than 
Paris,  the  center  of  trade 
for  France. 

The  United  States  sends 
to  Paris  about  the  same 
kinds  of  goods  as  to 
Liverpool  and  Hamburg. 
France  sends  to  the  United 
States  woolen  and  silk 
goods,  wines  and  milliner}7. 

Where  is  Russia  ?  Name  its  capital.  What 
city  of  Russia  is  ou  the  Black  sea  ? 

What  country  is  in  the  middle  part  of  the 
Danube  basin  ?     Where  is  Vienna  ?     Budapest  ? 

What  mountains  are  north  of  Italy  ?  Where 
is  Rome  ?     Venice  ?     Genoa  ? 

What  bodies  of  water  partly  surround  Spain  ? 

What  and  where  are  Portugal?  Lisbon?  Brussels? 
Belgium?  Xorway?  Stockholm?  Sweden?  Athens? 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  these  coun- 
tries and  cities  (printed  in  small  type)  is  not  large. 


110 


ASIA. 


149.    India. 

Where  is  India  ?     Name  a  large  city  in  the 
delta  of  the  Ganges. 

The    Ganges    river    floats    large    boats    a 

thousand   miles 
through     its 


The  greater  part  of  India  is  under  British 
rule.  Most  of  the  people  are  Hindus  (or 
Hindoos).      They  belong  to  the  white  race. 


150.     China. 


What  have  you  read  about  the  plains  of 
fertile  valley.  China?  Find  the  city  of  Canton.  Where  is 
Which    belt   of     the  island  of  Hongkong? 

The  trade  of  China  with  other  nations  is 
carried  on  mainly  through  Hongkong,  a  Brit- 
ish island. 

The  chief  products  of  China  are  tea 
and  silk.  The  leading  imports  are 
cotton  cloth  and  opium. 

On  the  Yangtze  river,  steamers  can 
go  a  thousand  miles  through  the  crowded 

plains  of  China. 


India  is  not  quite  one  half  so 
large  as  the  United  States,  but 
it  has  four  times  as  many  people 
as  our  country.  Rice  is  the  food 
of  about  one  third  the  people 
of  the  Ganges  valley. 

India  raises  large  crops  of  rice,  cotton, 
wheat,  poppy  and  many  other  plants.  The 
poppy  plant  yields  a  drug,  called  opium.  A 
large  part  of  these  products  is  sent  to  Eng- 
land and  to  China. 

India  imports  cloth,  machines,  hardware, 
sugar  and  many  other  kinds  of  goods. 

Calcutta  and  Bombay  are  the  leading  ports 
of  India.  Each  of  these  cities  has  more  peo- 
ple than  any  city  of  the  United  States  except 
New  York,  Chicago  and  Philadelphia. 


151.    Japan. 

Where  is  Japan  ?  What  have  you  read 
about  the  people  of  this  country?  Name 
some  of  its  products. 

Where  is  Yokohama  ?     Where  is  Tokyo  ? 

Tokyo  is  nearly  as  large  as  New  York. 
Yokohama  is  the  leading  port  of  Japan. 

The  chief  exports  of  Japan  are  silk  and 
tea.  The  chief  imports  are  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  sugar  and  kerosene. 


Canada 


e3       Central  America       S  Colombia 


BJJB3|y  g  BJE4B2  £  UEpng 


esuinc)  jaddf) 


112 


AFRICA. 


152.    Egypt. 

What  have  you  read  about  the  Nile  river  ? 

What  seas  border  on  Egypt?  Where  is 
Cairo  ? 

In  which  belt  of  heat  is  the  greater  part  of 
Egypt  ?  What  part  of  the  United  States  is 
in  the  same  belt  ? 

The  spring  har- 
vest in 
Egypt 


Where  is  Cape 
Town? 

South  Africa  is 
noted  for  its  rich  dia- 
mond fields.  These 
precious  stones  yield 
more  income  than 
all  the  other  articles 
sold  from  there. 

Millions  of  sheep 
and  cattle  are  raised 
in  southern  Africa. 
Wool  and  hides  are 
leading  exports. 


consists  largely  of  grains. 
The  autumn  harvest  includes 
cotton,  sugar  and  rice.  Egypt 
sells  raw  cotton  and  buys 
cloth.  There  is  also  a  light 
trade  in  many  other  articles. 
Cairo  is  the  chief  center  of 
trade  in  Egypt.  Nearly  all 
the  raw  cotton  goes  to  Eng- 
land, and  nearly  all  the  cloth 
sent  to  Egypt  is  made  in 
English  workshops. 

153.    Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

In  which  belt  of  heat  is  the 
southern  part  of  Africa  ? 

Where  is  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  ?  Look  at  the  relief 
map  of  Africa,  and  describe 
its  surface. 


Negress  and  Child. 


This  land  supplies 
many  fine  ostrich 
feathers. 

The  import  trade  of 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 
consists  largely  of 
cloth.  England  con- 
trols the  greater  part 
of  the  trade. 

This  colony  is  under 
British  rule. 

What  races  of  peo- 
ple are  found  in 
southern  Africa  ? 


20      Longitude         10  West  0      Longitude         10  Eost  20  from  30        Greenwich      40 


114 


AUSTRALIA. 


154.    Victoria. 

Australia  consists  of  several  British  states. 
Chief  among  these  are  Victoria  and  New 
South  Wales.  Which  belts  of  heat  cross  Vic- 
toria ? 

The  gold  mines  of  Victoria 
rank  next  to  those  of  the 
United  States.  The  sheep 
ranches  of  this  state  pro- 
duce wool  that  is  worth 
three  times  as  much  as  the 
gold  taken  from  its  mines. 

This   region    raises    many 


Melbourne  is  the  chief  port  of  Australia. 
Where  is  this  city  ? 

Melbourne  is  on  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  a 
little  larger  than  Boston. 


Natives  of  Australia. 


cattle  and  a  large  amount  of  wheat.  The 
chief  exports  are  wool,  gold,  wheat  and  cattle. 

The  leading  imports  are  iron  goods,  cloth, 
sugar  and  tea.  A  great  deal  of  wool  from 
the  other  states  finds  a  market  here.  Most 
of  it  is  again  sold  abroad. 

Nearly  all  the  foreign  trade  of  Australia  is 
carried  on  with  England. 


155.    New  South  Wales. 

In  what  direction  is  this  state 
from  Victoria?  Which  belt  of 
heat  crosses  New  South  Wales  ? 

New  South  Wales  produces 
much  more  wool  but  less  gold 
than  Victoria  does.  A  large 
amount  of  corn  is  raised  in 
New  South  Wales.  Oranges  and  sugar  cane 
also  thrive  there. 

The  trade  of  these  two  states  is  nearly 
alike  in  kind.  Sydney  is  the  leading  port  of 
New  South  Wales.     Where  is  this  city  ? 

Before  the  white  man  settled  in  Australia 
it  was  held  by  black  people.  A  few  thousand 
of  these  still  live  hi  this  land. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


118 


REFERENCE   TABLES. 


Grand  Divisions  and  Leading  Countries. 


The  United  States. 


NORTH    AMERICA 

United  States  . 
Canada  .  .  . 
Mexico     .     .     . 


SOUTH    AMERICA 


Area  in- 
Square  .Miles. 

8,000,000 

3,622,930 

3,450,000 

707,000 


7,000,000 


Brazil .  . 
Argentina 
Chile  .     . 


EUROPE 


British  Isles 
Germany 
France 
Russia      .     . 
Austria-Hungary 
Italy    .... 


ASIA 

India  . 
China  , 
Japan . 


AFRICA 


Egypt       .... 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Kongo  State      .     . 

AUSTRALIA    .      .      . 
Victoria   .... 


New  South  Wales 


1  3,218,000 

1,778,000 

294,000 

3,800,000 

120.000 
208.000 
204,000 
2.100,000 
265,000 
110,000 

17,000,000 

1,560,000 

4.234,000 

148,000 

11,500,000 

400,000 » 

221,000 

900,000 

3,000,000 

88,000 
310,000 


Population. 
125,000,000 

93,402,000 

5,370.000 
13,545.000 


36,500,000 

16,000.000 
4,794,000 
3,110,000 


360,000,000 

41,454,000 
56,356,000 
38,641,000 
106,154,000 
47,013,000 
32,450,000 


850,000,000 

294,267,000 

399,680,000 

46,542,000 


130,000,000 

9,821,000 

2,265,000 

30.000,000 


3,500,000 

1,200,000 
860,000 


Area  of  Oceans. 

Square  Miles. 

Pacific 70,000,000 

Atlantic 35,000,000 

Indian 23,000,000 

Antarctic 7,000,000 

Arctic 4,000,000 

1  The   fertile  portion    of  Egypt  consists   of  only  about   1H,000 
square  miles. 


State*  ani> 
Territories. 

Alabama  . 
Alaska 
Arizona    .     . 
Arkansas 
California 
(  'anal  Zone  1 
Colorado  .     . 
Connecticut  . 
Delaware  .     . 
District  of  Coin 
Florida     .     . 
Georgia     .     . 
Guam  >      .     . 
Hawaii 
Idaho  . 
Illinois      .     . 
Indiana     . 
Iowa    .     .     . 
Kansas 
Kentucky 
Louisiana 
Maine  .     .     . 
Maryland 
Massachusetts 
Michigan 
Minnesota 
Mississippi 
Missouri   . 
Montana  . 
Nebraska  .     . 
Nevada 

New  Hampshin 
New  Jersey   . 
New  Mexico 
New  York 
North  Carolina 
North  Dakota 
Ohio     .     .     . 
Oklahoma 
( Iregon 
Pennsylvania 
Philippine  Islam 
Porto  Rico    .' 
Rhode  Island 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota 
Tennessee 
Texas  .     . 
Tutuila  Island? 
Utah     .     .     . 
Vermont  . 
Virginia    . 
Washington  . 
West  Virginia 
Wisconsin 
Wyoming 


1  Not  included  in  the  National  Census  of  1910. 

2  Estimated. 

s  Census  of  1908  taken  under  the  direction  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment. 


Area  in- 

Population 

Square  Miles. 

(Willi. 

52,250 

2.138.U'.':: 

590,884 

04.350 

113,020 

204.354 

53,850 

1.574.44'.! 

158.31  in 

2,377,549 

448 

85,604  - 

103,925 

7'.io.024 

4,990 

1,114,756 

2,050 

202.322 

70 

331,069 

58. (180 

752.010 

59,475 

2,609,121 

1 75  - 

11.073- 

6,449 

191.000 

84,800 

325.504 

56,650 

5.038,591 

36,350 

2.700,870 

56,025 

2.224^771 

82.080 

1.000,040 

40.400 

2,289,906 

48.720 

1,666,388 

33.040 

742.371 

12,210 

1.205.340 

8,315 

3.300.410 

58.1115 

2.810.173 

83.305 

2,075,708 

46,810 

1.707.114 

69,415 

3.203.335 

14(1.080 

370.053 

77.510 

1,192,214 

110.700 

81.875 

9,305 

430,572 

7,815 

2,537,167 

122,580 

327.301 

40.170 

9,113.014 

52,  2  ."ill 

2,200.287 

70,795 

577.05(1 

41.(100 

4.707.121 

70.430 

1.057.155 

00.030 

072.705 

45,215 

7.005.111 

127,858 

7,035.420  3 

3,600" 

1,118,012 

1,250 

642,610 

30,570 

1,515.4(1(1 

77,650 

583.888 

42,060 

2,184.780 

265,780 

3.800.542 

73 a 

6,780s 

84.07(1 

373.351 

9,565 

355.050 

42. 4. Ml 

2.001.012 

00.180 

1.141.000 

24.780 

1,221.110 

50.040 

2.333.800 

07.800 

145.065 

REFERENCE    TABLES. 


119 


Leading  Cities  of  the  United  States. 


Cities. 

z 

1910. 

l!ll»). 

New  York,  N.  Y.     .     . 

1 

4,766,883 

1 

3,437,202 

Chicago,  111.  .     . 

•> 

2,185,283 

2 

1,698,575 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

3 

1.549,008 

3 

1.293,697 

St.  Louis,  Mo.   • . 

4 

687,029 

4 

575,238 

Boston,  Mass. 

5 

670,585 

5 

560,892 

Cleveland,  Ohio . 

6 

560,663 

7 

381,768 

Baltimore,  Md.  . 

7 

558,485 

6 

508,957 

Pittsburg,  Pa.     . 

8 

533,905 

11 

321,616 

Detroit,  Mich.     . 

9 

465,766 

13 

285,704 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.     . 

10 

423,715 

8 

352,387 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

11 

416,912 

9 

342,782 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 

12 

373,857 

14 

285,315 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

13 

363,591 

Id 

325,902 

Newark,  N.  J.     . 

14 

347,469 

16 

246,070 

New  Orleans,  La. 

15 

339,075 

12 

287,104 

Washington,  D.  C. 

16 

331.069 

15 

278,718 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

17 

319,198 

36 

1 02,479 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

18 

301,408 

19 

202,718 

Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

19 

267,779 

17 

206,433 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 

20 

248,381 

22 

163,752 

Seattle,  Wash.    . 

21 

237,194 

48 

80,671 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

22 

233,650 

21 

169,164 

Providence,  E.  I. 

23 

224,326 

20 

175,597 

Louisville,  Ky.  . 

24 

223,928 

18 

204,731 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 

25 

218,149 

24 

162,608 

St.  Paul,  Minn.  . 

26 

214,744 

23 

163,065 

Denver,  Colo. 

27 

213,381 

25 

133,859 

Portland,  Ore.    . 

28 

207,214 

42 

90,426 

Columbus,  Ohio  . 

29 

181,511 

28 

125,560 

Toledo,  Ohio .     . 

30 

168,497 

26 

131,822 

Atlanta,  Ga.  .     . 

31 

154,839 

43 

89,872 

Oakland,  Cal. 

32 

150,174 

56 

66,960 

Leading  Foreign  Cities. 


Cities. 

London  (1909) . 
Paris  (1906)       . 
Tokyo  (1909)     . 
Berlin  (1908)     . 
Vienna  (1909)    . 
St.  Petersburg  (1905) 
Moscow  (1907)  .     . 
Buenos  Aires  (1909) 
Constantinople  (1909) 
Calcutta  (1901) 
Peking  (1899)    . 
Canton  (1899)    . 
Glasgow  (1909) 


Countries. 
England     . 
France  . 
Japan    . 
Germany   . 
Austria-Hung 
Russia  . 
Russia  . 
Argentina  . 
Turkey . 
India     . 
China    . 
China    . 
Scotland 


ary 


Population. 

7,429,000 
2,763,000 
2,168,000 
2,102,000 
2,085,000 
1,678,000 
1,359,000 
1,246,000 
1,203,000 
1,026,000 
1,000,000 
880,000 
872,000 


Cities. 
Rio  de  Janeiro  (1906 
Hamburg  (1905) 
Bombay  (1901 ) 
Budapest  (1900) 
Liverpool  (1901) 
Cairo  (1907) 
Sydney  (1908;  . 
Rome '(1909)      . 
Amsterdam  ( 1 908 ) 
Melbourne  (1908) 
Manchester  (1901) 
Madrid  (1900)  . 
Copenhagen  (1906) 
Belfast  (1901)   . 
Mexico  (1900)   . 
Yokohama  (1903) 
Edinburgh  (1901) 
Havana  (1907) . 
Dublin  (1901)    . 
Montreal  (1901) 
Valparaiso  (1904) 
Lima  (1903)       . 
Pernambuco  (1900) 
Geneva  (1908)  .     . 
Cape  Town  (1904) 


\\ 


Brazil . 

Germany 
India  .     . 
Austria-Hun 
England  . 
Egypt      . 
New  South 
Italy   .     . 
Netherland 
Victoria   . 
England  . 
Spain  . 
Denmark 
Ireland     . 
Mexico 
Japan 
Scotland  . 
Cuba   . 
Ireland     . 
Canada     . 
Chile   .     . 
Peru    . 
Brazil 

Switzerland 
Cape  Colony 


gai 


Population. 

.  811,000 

.  802,000 

.  776,000 

.  732,000 

.  684,000 

.  654,000 

!S  .  592,000 

.  575,000 

.  565,000 

.  549,000 

.  543,000 

.  539,000 

.  420,000 

.  349,000 

.  344,000 

.  326,000 

.  316,000 

.  297,000 

.  290.000 

.  267,000 

.  143,000 

.  130.000 

.  120,000 

.  118,000 

.  77,000 


Rivers  and  River  Basins. 

Area  of  Basin,  Length 

River.                                 Square  Miles.  in  Miles 

Amazon 2,500,000  4,000 

Kongo 1,500,000  3,300 

Nile 1,400,000  4,000 

MiASrS0Uri".    ■■ \   1,250,000  4,200 

Mississippi J 

Plata 1,250,000  2,300 

Yangtse 500,000  3,300 

Volga 500,000  2,300 

Ganges 450,000  1,800 

St.  Lawrence 350,000  2,000 

Danube 300,000  2,000 

Orinoco 300,000  1,500 

Columbia 250,000  1,400 

Colorado 250,000  1,100 


Average  Heights  of  Plateaus. 

Feet. 

Tibet 14,000 

Bolivia 12,000 

Mexico 8,000 

Abyssinia 7,000 

Great  Basin 4,000 

Gobi 4,000 

Brazil 2,000 

Switzerland 2,000 


120 


MODEL     RELIEF     MAP     OP     SODTH     AMERICA. 


Note.  —  The  maps  of  this  series,  pages  120  to  125,  are  inserted  as  a  guide  for  teachers  in  drawing  and  modeling.     The 
outlines  are  so  simple  that  no  construction  lines  are  needed.     Pupils  can  easily  learn  to  sketch  these  maps. 


121 


MODEL     RELIEF     MAP     OP     NORTH     AMERICA. 


122 


123 


124 


MODEL     RELIEF     MAP     OF    AFRICA. 


MODEL,     RELIEF     MAP     OF     AUSTRALIA. 


Zones  and  Circles.1 

The  line  round  the  earth,  upon  which  the  vertical 
rays  fall  during  the  first  day  of  our  summer,  is  called 
the  tropic  of  Cancer. 

During  the  first  day  of  our  winter  the  sun  shines 
straight  down  on  the  tropic  of  Capricorn.  The  belt 
of  land  and  water  lying  between  or  within  the  tropics, 
is  called  the  torrid  zone.  The  tropics  are  at  about  one 
fourth  the  distance  from  the  equator  to  the  poles. 

Find  the  arctic  circle  on  the  map.  Find  the  ant- 
arctic circle.  These  circles  are  at  about  one  fourth 
the  distance  from  the  poles  to  the  equator. 

Bound  the  north  frigid  zone.  The  south  frigid 
zone.     The  north  temperate.     The  south  temperate. 

1  This  lesson  is  added  for  the  convenience  of  teachers 
who  wish  to  include  the  study  of  zones,  tropics  and  polar 
circles  in  the  primary  course.     See  page  77. 


,-?&--&,  frTg'id^— 


126 


PRONOUNCING   WORD    LIST. 


Key:  ale,  at,  care,  arm,  final,  all  ;  eye,  end,  h6r,  recent ;  Ice,  HI,  admiral  ;  old,  for,  on,  anchor;  use,  tip,  fur;  awful  ;  food,  foot ;  ch  as 
in  chop  ;  g  as  in  go  ;  ng  as  in  sing ;  n  as  in  ink  ;  th  as  in  thin ;  th  as  in  the  ;  n  as  in  banyau  ;  oi  as  in  oil ;  ow  as  in  cow  ;  M  nearly  like  ng  in 
sing  (French  nasal). 


Aberdeen,  ab-er-den'. 
Abyssinia,  ab-is-sin'i-a. 
Acapulco,  a-ka-pool'ko. 
Aconcagua,  a-kon-ka'gwa. 
Adelaide,  ad'fi-lad. 
Aden,  a'den. 

Adirondack,  ad-j-ron'dak. 
Adrian,  a'dri-an. 
Adrianople,  ad-ri-an-o'pl. 
Adriatic,  ad-re-at  Ik. 
iEgean,  e-je'an. 
Afghanistan,  af-gan-is-tan'. 
Africa,  af  ri-ka. 
Akron,  ak'ron. 
Alabama,  al-a-ba'ma. 
Vlamo,  a  la-mo. 
Alaska,  a-las'ka. 
Albany,  al'ba-ni. 
Albemarle,  al'b^-marl. 
Alberta,  al-bSrt'a. 
Albuquerque,  al-boo-kar'ka. 
Alderney,  al'der-m. 
Aleutian,  a-lu'shi-an. 
Alexandria,  al-egs-an'dri-a. 
Algeria,  al-,je'ri-a. 
Algiers,  al-jerz'.  _ 
Allegheny,  ill'e-ga-nT. 
Altai,  al-tl'. 
Alto  on  a,  al-too'na. 
Amazon,  am'a-zon, 
Amiens,  a-ml-aN*. 
Amsterdam,  am'ster-dain. 
Amur,  a-moor'. 
Anara,  a-nara'. 
Andes,  an'dez. 
Andorra,  an-dor'ra 
Androscoggin,  an-dros-cog'in. 
Anglesey,  an'gl-se. 
Annapolis,  an-nap  o-lis. 
Antarctic,  an-tark'tik. 
Anticosti,  an-ti-kos'ti. 
Antilles,  an-tU'lez,  or  oN'tel'. 
Antwerp,  ant/wgrp. 
Apalachicola,  ii-p  i-liich-i-ko'la. 
Apennines,  ap'yn-nlnz. 
Apia,  a'pe-a. 

Appalacbian,  ap-pa-la'chi-an. 
Appomattox,  ap-po-mat'tgks. 
Apteryx,  ap'te-rix. 
Arabian,  a-ra'bi-an. 
Aral,  ar  al. 
Ararat,  ar'a-rat. 
Archangel,  ark-an'jel. 
Archipelago,  ar-ki-pel'S-go. 
Arctic,  ark'tik. 
Ardennes,  iir-den'. 
Arequipa,  a-ra-ke'pa. 
Argentina,  Ur-jen-te'na, 
Arizona,  ar-i-zo'ny. 
Arkansas,  ar'kan-sa/. 
Armadillo,  ar-mit-dil'lo. 
Arthabaska,  :ir-tha-bas'  ka. 
Asheville,  ash'vil. 
Asia,  a'shi-a. 
Astoria,  as-to'ri-a. 
Astrakhan,  as-tra-kan'. 
Atacama,  a-ta-ka'ma. 
Athara,  at-ba'ra. 
Atchison,  aeh'i-flon. 
Athabasca,  ath-a-bas'ka. 
Athens,  atn'enz. 
Atlanta,  at-lan'ta. 


Atlantic,  at-lan'tik. 
Atoll,  a-tol'. 
Auburn,  a'burn. 
Auckland,  ak'ljnd. 
Augusta,  a-giis'ta.  t 

An  Sable,  a  sa'bl. 
Austin,  as'tin. 
Australia,  as-tra'tt-a. 
Austria,  as'tri-a. 
Avon,  a'von. 
Azof,  ii-zof. 
Azores,  a-zorz'. 

Bahama,  ba-ha'mg. 

Bahia,  ba-e  a. 

Baikal,  bi'kal. 

Baku,  ba-koo'. 

Balearic,  bal-g-ar'ik. 

Balkan,  bal-kan'. 

Balkash,  bal-kash'. 

Baltic,  bal  tik.^ 

Baltimore,  bal'ti-mor  or  -mor. 

Baluchistan,  ba-loo-ehls-tan'. 

Bangkok,  ban'kok'. 

Bangor,  ban'gor. 

Barcelona,  bar-se.-15'iia. 

Basel,  ba'zgl. 

Batavia,  ba-ta'vi-a. 

Baton  Rouge,  bat-un  roozh'. 

Bayonne,  ba-you'. 

Beatrice,  be'a-tres. 

Beaufort,  bo'fort  (N.  C.)  or  bu'- 

fiirt  (S.  C). 
Bechuanaland,  bek-u-an'a-land. 
Bedouin,  bed'oiV-en. 
Belfast,  bel'fast  (Me.)  or  bel-fast' 

(Ireland). 
Belgium,  bel'ji-um. 
Belgrade,  bel-grad'. 
Belize,  bii-lez'. 
Bellaire,  bel-aV. 
Belle  Isle,  bel-il'. 
Benares,  ben-a'rez. 
Bengal,  ben-gal'. 
Ben-Nevis,  ben-nev'is. 
Bering,  be  ring. 
Berlin,  ber'lin  or  Ger.  ber-len'. 
Bermuda,  bgr-mu'da. 
Bern,  bern. 

Bethlehem,  beth'Ip-hem. 
Biddeford,  bid'e-ford. 
Bingh  am  ton,  bing'  am-ton . 
Binue,  ben-oo-e'. 
Birmingham,  b6r'ming-um. 
Biscay,  bis'ka. 
Bismarck,  bis'mark. 
Bogotd,  bo-go-ta'. 
Boise,  boi-za'. 
Bokhara,  bok-a'ra. 
Bolan,  bo'lan. 
Bolivia,  bo-Iiv'i-a. 
Bologna,  bo-lon'ya. 
Bombay,  bom-ba'. 
Boothia,  boVthi-a. 
Bordeaux,  bor-do'. 
Borneo,  bor'ne-o. 
Bosnia,  bdz'ni-ji. 
Bosphorus,  bos'fo-rus. 
Bothnia,  both'm-a. 
Brahmaputra,  bra-ma-poo'tra. 
Brazil,  bra-zil'. 
Brazos,  brii'zos. 


Bremen,  bra'men. 

Breslau,  bres'low, 

Brest,  brest. 

Brindisi,  bren'de-se. 

Brisbane,  bris'ban. 

Brooklyn,  brook'lin. 

Brunswick,  brunz'wik. 

Brussels,  brus'selz. 

Budapest,  boo'da-pest. 

Buenos  Ayres,  bonus  a'riz  or  Sp. 

bwa'nos  ires. 
Bukharest,  bu-ka-rest'. 
Bulgaria,  bool-gii'ri-a. 
Burlington,  bur  ling-ton. 
Burma,  bur  ma. 
Butte,  but. 

Cairo,     kar'o     (U.     S.) ;     ki'ro 

(Egypt). 
Calais,    kal'is    (U.     S.)  ;     ka-la' 

(France). 
Calcutta,  kal-kut'ta. 
Caledonia,  kal-g-doni-a. 
CaUfornia,  kal-i-for'ni-a. 
Callao,  kal-la'o. 
Cambodia,  kam-bo'de.-a. 
Cambridge,  kiimbrij. 
Campecho,  kiim-pacha. 
Canada,  kan';j.-da. 
Candia,  kan'd(;-a. 
Canton,  kan'tpn  (U.  S.)  ;  kan-ton' 

(China). 
Cape  Breton,  bret'cn. 
Caracas,  kii-ra'kas. 
Cardiff,  kiir'dif. 
Cardigan,  kiir  de-gau. 
Caribbean,  kar-Tb-be'an. 
Carolina,  kar-o-li'ny. 
Caroline,  Uar'o-lln. 
Carpentaria,  kar-pcn-ta'rg-a. 
Cartagena,  kiir-ta-je'iia. 
Caspian,  kas'pi-an. 
Cassiquiari,  ka-se-ke-a're. 
Caucasian,  ka-ka'shan. 
Caucasus,  ka'ka-sus. 
Cayenne,  ka-yen'. 
Celebes,  sel'e-bez. 
Cenis,_  se-ne'. 
Cetinje,  cha-ten'ya. 
C^vennes,  se-venn'. 
Ceylon,  se-lon'. 
Chad.     See  Tchad.  _ 
Champlain,  sh5ni-plan'. 
Charlotte,  shiir'lgt. 
Chatham,  ehat'ym. 
Chattahoochee,  chiit-ta-hob'che. 
Chattanooga,  chat-ta-nob'ga. 
Chautauqua,  cha-ta'kwa. 
Chelsea,  chel'se. 
Cherbourg,  sherjjfirg. 
Cherokee,  cher-o-ke  . 
Chesapeake,  cheVa-pek. 
Cheviot,  chiv'e-ut, 
Cheyenne,  sliT-en'. 
Chicago,  sh^-ka'go. 
Chile,  chela. 

Chimborazo,  chim-bo-ra'zo. 
Christiania,  kris-te-a'ne-a. 
Cincinnati,  sTn-sin-nii'ti. 
Clyde,  klld. 

Cochin  China,  ko'chin  chl'na. 
Coeur  d'Alene,  kfir-dii-lan'. 


Cohoes,  ko-hoz'. 

Colima,  ko-le  ma. 

Cologne,  ko-lon'. 

Colombia,  ko-lom'be-a. 

Colon,  ko-lon'. 

Colorado,  kol-o-ra'do. 

Conception,  knn-sep'shun. 

Concord,  konk'urd. 

Connecticut,  kon-net  I-kut. 

Constance,  kon'stans. 

Constantinople,  kon-stan'twio'pl, 

Coosa,  koo'sa. 

Copenhagen,  ko'pen-ha'gen. 

Cordoba,  kor'do-ba. 

Corfu,  kor-foo'. 

Corinth,  kor'inth. 

Corpus  Christi.  kor'pus  kris'te. 

Corrientes,  kor-re-eu'tes. 

Corsica,  kor'si-ka. 

Costa  Rica,  kos'ta  re'ka. 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pak'se. 

Covington,  kuv'hig-tQn. 

Cuba,  ku'ba. 

Curasao,  ku-ra-so'. 

Cuzco,  kuus'ko. 

Cyprus,  sl'prus. 

Dahcmey,  da-ho'raa. 
Dakota,  da-ko'ta. 
Dallas,  dal'as. 
Damascus,  d;i-m3,s'kus. 
Danzig,  dant'zik. 
Danube,  dan'ub. 
Dardanelles,  diii,-da-n§lz'. 
Darfur,  dar'four. 
Darien,  da're-en. 
Davenport,  dav'en-port. 
Decatur,  de-ka'tnr. 
Dekkan,  dek'kyn. 
Delaware,  del  a- war. 
Delhi,  India,  delle. 
Des  Moines,  d^-moin'. 
Des  Plaines,  da-plan'. 
Detroit,  de-troit  . 
Dnieper,  neper. 
Dniester,  nes'te,r. 
Dovrefield,  do-vre-fySld'. 
Drave,  drav. 
Dresden,  drezd^n. 
Dubuque,  doo-biik'. 
Duluth,  du-looth'. 
Dundalk,  dun-dak'. 
Dundee,  dun-de  . 
Dunedin,  dun-ed  in. 
Dungeness,  dun-jc-ngs'- 
Dwina,  dwe'ng. 

Eau  Claire,  o-klar'. 
Ebro,  e'bro. 
Echidna,  e-kid'na. 
Ecuador,  Sk-wii-dor'. 
Edinburgh,  5d'iu-bur-5. 
EgjTpt,  e'jipt. 
Elba,  61'bii. 
Elbe,  61'b*;.  _ 
Elburz,  5l-boorz'. 
Elgin,  eVjin. 
Elmira,  el-mi'ra. 
El  Paso,  El  pa'so. 
Escanaba,  fisk-a-n^'bg. 
Etna,  6t'na. 
Eubcea,  u-be'a. 


PRONOUNCING  WORD  LIST. 


12r 


Euphrates,  u-fra'tez. 
Eurasia,  u-ra'shi-a, 

European,  u-ro-pe'an. 
Evansville,  Sv'anz-vil. 

Everest,  ev'gr-est. 
Eyre,  ar. 

Falkland,  fak'land. 
Fezzan,  f5z-zan'. 
Fiji,  fe  je. 
Fiudlay,  find'la. 
Finland,  fin'land. 
Fiord,  fyord. 
Firth,  fSrth. 
Florida,  flor'i-da. 
Fond  du  Lac,  fon-du-lak'. 
Formosa,  for-mo'sa. 
Fort  Wayne,  wan. 
Frankfurt,  frank'foort. 
Fraser,  fra'zer. 
Fremont,  fre-mont'. 
Fresno,  fres'no. 
Fujiyama,  foo-ji-a'ma. 

Galapagos,  gi£-lap'a-gos. 

Galatz,  ga'lats. 

Galveston,  gaTvgs-ton. 

Galway,  gal'wa. 

Ganges,  gan'jez. 

Garonne,  ga-ro'nn'. 

Genesee,  jen-g-se'. 

Geneva,  jg-ne'va. 

Genoa,  jen'g-a. 

Georgia, jor'ji-a. 

Geral,  ha-ral'. 

Gettysburg,  get'iz-bfirg. 

Ghats,  gats. 

Ghent,  gent. 

Gibraltar,  jl-bral'tar. 

Gila,  he'la. 

Gironde,  zhe-roNd'. 

Glasgow,  glas'go. 

Gloucester,  glos'tgr. 

Gobi,  go'be. 

Grampian,    gram'pi-an. 

Granada,  gra-na'da. 

Grand  Manan,  ruan-an'. 

Gratz,  grets. 

Greenwich,  gren'ij. 

Guadalquivir,  gwa-dal-ke-ver'. 

Guadalupe,   ga' da-loop'    (U.   S.) ; 

gwa-da-lob  pa  (Spanish). 
Guatemala,  gwa-ta-mala. 
Guayaquil,  gwi-a-kel'. 
Guernsey,  gSrn'zg. 
Guiana,  ge-a'na. 
Guinea,  gin'e. 
Guthrie,  guth'rg. 

Hagerstown,  ha'ggrz-town. 

Haiti,  ha'ti. 

Halifax,  haTe-faks. 

Hanoi,  ha-no'e. 

Hanover,  han'o-ver. 

Hatteras,  hat'ter-as. 

Havana,  ha-van'a. 

Havre,  ha'ver. 

Havre  de  Grace,  hav'er  dg  gras. 

Hawaii,  ha-wi'e. 

Hebrides,  heb'ri-dez. 

Hekla,  hek'la. 

Helena,  heTe-na. 

Henlopen,  hen-lo'pgn. 

Herat,  hgr-at'. 

Himalaya,  him-a'la-ya. 

Hindu-Kush,  hin'doo-koosh. 

Hindustan,  hm-do-stan'. 

Hoangho,  ho-ang-bo'. 

Hoboken,  ho'bo-kgn. 

Holyoke,  hol'yok. 

Hondo,  hon'do. 

Honduras,  hon-dob'ras. 

Hongkong,  hong-kong'. 

Honolulu,  ho-no-loo'loo. 

Hoosac,  hoo'sak. 

Housatonic,  hoo-sa-ton'ic. 


Houston,  hus'ton. 
Hue,  hoo-a'. 
Humboldt,  hum'bolt. 
Hungary,  hun'ga-ri. 
Huron,  hu'ron. 

Idaho,  Ida-ho. 

Illimani,  el-ye-ma'ne. 

Illinois,  ll-ll-noi'  or  -noiz'. 

India,  in'di-a. 

Indiana,  in-di-an'a. 

Indianapolis,  in-di-an-apQ-lis. 

Indes,  in'dez. 

Indus,  ln'dus. 

Innsbruck,  ins'prook. 

Inverness,  in-vgr-ness'. 

Ionian,  I-o'ni-an. 

Iowa,  I'o-wa. 

Iquique,  e-ke'ka. 

Iran,  e-ran'.  _ 

Irkutsk,  ir-kootsk'. 

Isle  Royale,  el  rwa-yal'. 

Italian,  i-tal'yan. 

Itasca,  i-tas'ka. 

Ithaca,  ith'a-ka. 

Jalapa,  ha-la'pa. 

Jamaica,  ja-ma  k^. 

Japan,  ja-pan'. 

Jassy,  ya'se. 

Java,  Java. 

Jersey,  jeVzi. 

Joliet,  jo'lg-et. 

Joplin,  jop'lin. 

Juande  Fuca,  hoo-an'  da  foo'ka. 

Juan  Fernandez,  fer-nan'deth. 

Juneau,  ju-no'. 

Jungfrau,  yoong'frow. 

Juniata,  ju-m-at'a. 

Jura,  jura. 

Kabul,  ka-bool'. 
Kadiak,  kad-yak'. 
Kaffir,  kaf 'f6r. 
Kalahari,  ka-la-ha'ri. 
Kamchatka,  kam-chat'ka. 
Kamerun,  ka-ma-roon', 
Kanawha,  ka-na'wa. 
Kankakee,  kan-ka-ke'. 
Kansas,  kan'sgs. 
Karakoram,  ka-rii-ko'ram. 
Karpathian,  kar-pa'thi-an. 
Kashmir,  kash-mer'. 
Kenia,  ka-ne'a. 
Kennebec,  ken-g-bek'. 
Kentucky,  ken-tiik'i. 
Keokuk,  ke'o-kuk. 
Khaibar,  ka'e-bar. 
Kliartum,  kar-toom,'. 
Khelat,  kgl-at'. 
Khinghan,  kln-gan'. 
Khiva,  ke'va. 
Kilauea,  ke-low-a'a. 
Kilimanjaro,  kil'e-man-ja-ro'. 
Killarney,  kil-ar'ni. 
Kiolen,  kyu'lgn. 
Kirghiz,  kir-gez'. 
Kittery,  kit'gr-i. 
Klamath,  kla'inath. 
Klondike,  klon'dik. 
Knoxville,  noks'vil. 
Kongo,  kon'go. 
Kordofan,  kor-do-fan'. 
Korea,  ko-re'g. 
Krakow,  kra'ko. 
Kronstadt,  kron'stat. 
Kuenlun,  kwen-loon'. 
Kyoto,  ke-o'to. 

Labrador,  lab-ra-dor'. 
Lachine,  la-shen'. 
La  Crosse,  la-kros'. 
Ladoga,  lad'o-ga- 
Ladrones,  la-dronz'. 
Lafayette,  la-fa-§t'. 
La  Guaira,  la-gwi'ra. 


Lancaster,  lank'gs-tgr. 

Lansing,  lan'sing. 

La  Paz,  lii-path'. 

Lapland,  lap'land. 

La  Plata,  la-plata. 

Laporte,  la-port'. 

Laramie,  lar'a-me. 

Lasalle,  la-saT. 

Lassa,  las'sa. 

Las  Vegas,  las-va'gas. 

Leadville,  led'vil. 

Leavenworth.  lev'gn-worth. 

Lebanon,  leb  a-non. 

Leicester,  les'tgr. 

Leipzig,  lip'zik. 

Lena,  le'n;j. 

Leone,  le-o'ne. 

Lexington,  lek'smg-ton. 

Liberia,  li-be'rr-a- 

Libyan,  lib'g-an. 

Liege,  Ie-azh'. 

Lima,li'ma(U.  S.) ;  le'ma(Peru). 

Limerick,  llm'er-ik. 

Lisbon,  liz'bQn. 

Lisburn,  lis'burn. 

Lisle,  lei. 

Liverpool,  liv'er-pobl. 

Loanda,  lo-an'da. 

Loch, lok. 

Lofoden,  Io-fo'dgn. 

Loire,  lwar. 

Los  Angeles^los-an'gel-ea. 

Louisiana,  loo-e-ze-a  na. 

Louisville,  lob  is-  or  lob'i-vll. 

Loureneo  Marques,  lo-ren'so  mar- 

kes'. 
Lucerne,  loo-s6rn'. 
Luray,  lu-ra'. 
Luxemburg,  liiks'em-biirg. 
Luzon,  loo-zon'. 
Lyon,  le-oN'. 

Macao,  ma-kow'. 

Mackenzie,  ma-ken'zi. 

Mackinac,  mak'i-na. 

Macon,  ma'kun. 

Madagascar,  mad-a-gas'kar. 

Madeira,  m&-de'ra, 

Madras,  ma-dras'. 

Madrid,  mad'nd  (U.S.) ;  ma-drid' 

(Spain). 
Magdalena,  mag-da-la'na. 
Magellan,  ma-jel'an. 
Maine,  man. 
Makassar,  ma-kas's^r. 
Malakka,  ma-lak'a. 
Malay,  ma-lay'. 
Maiden,  mol'dgn. 
Manchester,  man'chgs-ter. 
Manchuria,  man-cbob're-g. 
Mandalay,  man' da-la. 
Manila,  mg.-nil'a. 
Manitoba^  man-i-to-ba' . 
Maracaibo,  ma-ra-ki'bo. 
Maranon,  ma-ran'yon. 
Marathon,  mar'a-thon. 
Marcy,  mar'si. 
Marmora,  inar'mQ-ra. 
Marseille,  mar-sal'. 
Martinique,  mar-ti-nek'. 
Maskat,  mas-kat'. 
Massachusetts,  mas-a-chu's§ts. 
Matabeleland,  mat-a-bel'land. 
Matagorda,  mat-a-gor'da. 
Matamoros,  mat-a-mo'rQS. 
Matapan,  ma-ta-pan'  (Gr.). 
Mauch  Chunk,  mak-chunk'. 
Mauna  Kea,  mow'na-ka'a. 
Mauna  Loa,  lo'a. 
Mauritius,  ma-rish'T-iis. 
Mediterranean,  mSd'i-tgr-ra'ng-an. 
Mekong,  ma-kong'. 
Melanesia,  mel-an-e'shi-a. 
Melbourne,  mel'bfirn. 
Memphremagog,  mem-f rg-ma'gog. 
Memphis,  mem'fis. 


Mendocino,  men-do-se'no. 
Meriden,  nier  i-den. 
Merrimac,  mer'i-mgk. 
Mersey,  mSr'zI. 

Merthyr-Tydfi^mSr-thyr-tld'fil. 
Messina,  mes-se'na. 
Metz,  mets. 
Mexico,  meks'I-ko. 
Miami,  ml-am'i. 
Michigan,  mish'i-ggn. 
Micronesia,  mi-kro-ne'shi-3. 
Milan,  mil 'an  or  mi-lan', 
Mille  Lacs,  mel-lak'. 
Milo,  me'lo  (Greece). 
Milwaukee,  mil-wake. 
Mindanao,  men-da-na'o. 
Minneapolis,  min-e-ap'y-lis. 
Minnehaha,  min-e-ha'ha. 
Minnesota,  mhi-e-so'tg. 
Mississippi,  mis-is-ip'i. 
Missouri,  mis-ob'ri. 
Mobile,  mo-bel'. 
Mohave,  mo-ha'va. 
Mohawk,  mo'hak. 
Moluccas,  mo-luk'kaz. 
Mongolia,  mon-go'11-a. 
Monongahela,  mo-non-ga-he'la. 
Monrovia,  mon-ro'vi-a. 
Montana,  mon-ta'na. 
Montauk,  mon-tak'. 
Mont  Blanc,  moN  bloN'  or  mont 

blank.  g 
Mont  Cenis,  moN'  s§-ne'  or  mont. 
Montenegro,  mon-ta-na'gro. 
Monterey,  mon-tg-ra'. 
Montevideo,  mon-te-vid'e-o. 
Montgomery,  mQnt-gum'gr-i. 
Monticello,  mon-te-sel'lo. 
Montpelier,  mont-pe'li-gr. 
Montreal,  mont-re-al'. 
Moravia,  mo-ra'vi-a. 
Morelia,  mo-rii'le-a. 
Morocco,  mo-rok'o. 
Mosco\y,  mos'ko. 
Mount  Lyell,  li'el. 
Mount  St.  Elias,  g-li'as. 
Mount  Tyndall,  tin'dal. 
Mozambique,  mo-zam-bek'. 
Munich,  mu'nik. 
Murray,  mur'ra. 
Muskatine,  mus-ka-ten'. 
Muskegon,  mus-ke'ggn. 

Nanling,  nan'ling. 
Nantes,  nants. 
Nantucket,  nan-tuk'gt. 
Naples,  na  plz. 
Narragansett,  nar-ra-gan'se.t. 
Nashua,  nash'u-3. 
Nassau,  nas'a. 
Natchez,  na'chez. 
Nebraska,  ng-bras'ka. 
Nepal,  na-pal'. 
Netherlands,  neth'gr-landz. 
Neuse,  nus. 
Nevada,  ng-va'da. 
Newark,  nu'grk. 
Newfoundland,  nu'fond-lgnd. 
New  Hampshire,  nu-liamp'shir. 
New  Orleans,  -or'lg-anz. 
Newport,  nu'port. 
New  Zealand,  nu-ze'lgnd. 
Niagara,  ni-ag'a-rg. 
Nicaragua,  ne-ka-ra'gwa. 
Nice,  nes. 
Niger,  ni'jgr. 
Norfolk,  nor'fok. 
Norwegian,  nor-we'ji-an. 
Norwich,  nor'rlj. 
Nottingham,  not'ing-am. 
Nova  Scotia,  nova  sko'shi-a,. 
Nova  Zembla,  nova  zem'bla. 
Nubia,  nii'bi-a. 
Nyanza,  ni-anz^. 

Oahu,  5-a'hob. 


128 


PRONOUNCING  WORD  LIST. 


Oakland,  ok  land. 

Oasis,  o'a-sls. 

Ob,  Ob. 

Oder,  o'dgr. 

Odessa,  o-des'sa. 

Ogden,  ogden.  _ 

Okeehobee,  o-ke-cho'be, 

Okhotsk,  o-kotsk'. 

Oklahoma,  ok-la-lio'ma. 

Olympia,  o-lim'pi-a. 

Olympus,  o-lim  pus. 

Omaha,  o'ma-ha. 

Oman,  5-man'. 

Omsk,  omsk. 

Onega,  o-ne  ga. 

Oneida,  o-nl  da. 

Ontario,  on-ta'ri-o. 

Oregon,  or'^-gon. 

Orinoco,  o-n-no'ko. 

Orizaba,  o-re-tha'ba. 

Orkney,  ork'ne. 

Orleans,  or-la-oNTs'  (Fr.). 

Ornithorynchus,  or-ni-tho-iiu'kus. 

Oshkosh,  osh'kosh. 

Oswego,  os-we'go. 

Ottawa,  ot'ta-wa. 

Ozark,  o-zark'. 

Pacific,  pa-sif  'Ik.  _ 

Palermo,  pa-lSr'mo. 

Palestine,  paTgs-tin. 

Pamir,  pa-mer'. 

Pamlico,  pam'H-ko. 

Pampas,  pampas. 

Panama,  pan-a-ma'. 

Papua,  pap'ob-a. 

Para,  pa-ra'. 

Paraguay,  pa-ra-gwl'. 

Paramaribo,  par-a-mar'i-bo. 

Parana,  pa-ra-na. 

Passaic,  pas-sii  Ik. 

Passamaquoddy,pas-a-ma-kwod'i. 

Patagonia,  pat-a-gom-a. 

Paterson,  pat'er-son. 

Patras,  pa-tras'. 

Pawtucket,  pa-tuk'gt. 

Pecos,  pa'kos. 

Pedee,  pe-de'. 

Peking,  pe-KCng'. 

Peling,  pe-ling'. 

Pennsylvania,  pen-sil-va'm-a. 

Penobscot,  pg-nob'scot. 

Pensacola,  pen-sa-ko'la. 

Pentland,  pent/Land. 

Peoria,  pe-o'ri-a. 

Pernambuco,  per-nam-boo'ko. 

Persia,  per'slu-a. 

Perth,  perth. 

Peru,  pe-roo'. 

Phn-nix,ie'niks. 

Philadelphia,  fil-a-dSTfi-a. 

Philippine,  fil'ip-in. 

Pierre,  per. 

Pindus,  pindiis. 

Pittsburg,  pits'bftrg. 

Plata,  pia'ta. 

Plymouth,  plim'uth. 

Pnum  Penh,   pnum-pen'. 

Pompeii.  poiu-pa  ye. 

Popocatepetl,  po-po'kat-Ji-pa-tl. 

Port  an  Prince,  port-o-prlns'. 

Porto  Rico,  jior'to  retO. 

Port  Said,  -sii-cd'. 

Portsmouth,  ports' muth. 

Portugal,  por  tu-gal. 

Portuguese,  por'tu-gez. 

Potomac,  po-to'mak. 

Potosi,  pO-t-OHl. 

Poughkeepsie,  pQ-klp  si. 
Praguo,  prag. 
Pretoria,  pre-t&Ve-a. 
Pribilof,  pre-be-181. 
Providence,  pr5v'i-de.ns. 
Prussia,  prush  ya. 
Puebla,  pweb  la. 
Pueblo,  pweb'lo. 


Puget,  pu'jet. 
Puno,  poo'no. 
Pyrenees,  pir'g-nez. 

Quebec,  kwe-bek'. 
Quincy,  kwln'zi. 
Quito,  ke'to. 

Racine,  ra-sen'. 
Rainier,  ra'ner. 
Raleigh,  ra'la. 
Rangoon,  ran-gobn'. 
Rappahannock,  rap-a-han'gk. 
Ravenna,  ra-ven'a. 
Reading,  reding. 
Rhine,  rln. 
Rhone,  rou. 

Riga,  ri'ga  (U.S.)  ;  re'ga  (Rus.). 
Rio  Grande,  re'o  gran'da.  _ 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  de,  ja-na'ro. 
Rio  Negro,  -na'gro. 
Roanoke,  ro-a-nok'. 
Rochester,  roch'es-ter. 
Rotterdam.  rot'er-dam. 
Rouen,  roo  on'. 
Roumelia,  rob-me'lg-a. 
Roumania,  rob-ma'ni-a. 
Russia,  riish'a. 

Saco,  sa'ko. 

Sacramento,  sak-ra-men't5. 

Saginaw,  sag  l-na. 

Sahara,  sa-ha'ra. 

Saigon,  sa  e-gon. 

Saint  Albans,  sant  al'banz. 

Saint  Augustine,  -a'gus-ten. 

Saint  Croix,  -kroi'. 

Saint  Gotthard,  -go-tiird'. 

Saint  Helena,  sent  hg-le'na. 

Saint  Lawrence,  sant  la'rens. 

Saint.  Louis,  -liTo'is  or  -loo'i. 

Saint  Petersburg,  -pe'terz-burg. 

Saint  Roque,  -rdk. 

Sakhalin,  sa-kha-len'. 

Salisbury,  salz'ber-T.     , 

Saloniki,  sii-lo-ne'ke. 

Salvador,  sal-va-dor'. 

Salzburg,  salts'bobrg. 

Samarkand,  sam-ar-kand'. 

Samoa,  sa-mo'a. 

San  Antonio,  san  an-to'ni-o. 

San  Bernardino,  -b5r-nar-de'no. 

San  Cristobal,  -kres-to  bal. 

Sandhurst,  Sandhurst. 

San  Diego,  san  de-a'go. 

Sandusky,  san-diis'ki. 

San  Francisco,  -fran-sis'ko. 

San  Joaquin,  san  ho-a-ken'. 

San  Jose,  -ho-sa'. 

San  Juan,  -hoo-an'. 

San  Lucas,  -loo'kas. 

San  Luis,  -loo-eV. 

San  Marino,  -ma-re'no. 

Santa  Barbara,  san'ta-bar'ba-ra. 

Santa  Fe,  -fa. 

Santee,  san' to'. 

Santiago,  san-te-a'go. 

Santo  Domingo,  san  to  do-men' go. 

Saoiie,  son. 

Saratoga,  sar-a-to'ga. 

Sardinia,  sar-din'i-a. 

Saskatchewan,  sas-kach'e-wan. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie,  sou  sent  man. 

Savannah,  sa-vftn'a. 

Scandinavia,  sk&n-di-na'vi-ft. 

Schenectady,  sk^-nekta-de. 

S-illy.  sil'i. 

Scot  land,  skSt'land. 

Scranton,  skrilu'ton. 

Seattle,  se-£t'l. 

Sedalia,  se-da'li-a. 

Seine,  siin. 

Seneca,  sen'^-ka. 

Senegal,  sSn-fi-g&T, 

Senegambia,  son-y-gilm  bi-a. 

Seoul,  sa-obl'. 


Servia.  ser'vi-a. 

Severn,  sSv'ern. 

Shanghai,  shang-ha'i. 

Shannon, shan'on. 

Shasta,  shas  ta. 

Sheffield,  shef'feld. 

Shenandoah,  shen-an-do'a. 

Shetland,  shet land. 

Shoshone,  sho-sho'ne. 

Shreveport,  shrev  port. 

Siam,  si-am'. 

Siberia,  si-beri-a. 

Sicily,  sis'i-li. 

Sierra  Madre,  se-eVa-ma'dra. 

Singapore,  sin-gy-por'. 

Sioux,  soo. 

Sitka,  sit'ka. 

Smyrna,  smer'na. 

Snowdon,  sno'dyn. 

Soria,  so-fe'a. 

Sokoto,  so-ko-to'. 

Solway,  sol'wa. 

Somali,  so-male. 
Somerville,  sum'^r-vil. 
Spokane,  spo-kau'. 
Statfa,  staf'a. 
Stanovoi,  sta-no-voi', 
Steubenville,  stu'ben-vil. 
Stirling,  st6r'liug. 
Stockholm,  stok'holm. 
Strassburg,  straz'burg. 
Stuttgart,  stot.t'gart. 
Suakin,  swa'kiu. 
Sucre,  soo'krg. 
Sudan,  soo-dan'. 
Suez,  soo-ez'. 
Suisun,  sob-e-s67>n'. 
Suliman ,    soo-le-man' . 
Sumatra,  soo-ma'tra. 
Sunda,  sun'da. 
Sunderland,  sun'd^r-lsiid. 
Susquehanna,  sus-kwe-han'a. 
Suwannee,  su-w;i'ne. 
Swansea,  swon'se. 
Sweden,  swe'dgn. 
Switzerland,  swit'zer-land. 
Sydney,  sid'ni. 
Syracuse,  sir'a-kus. 
Syria,  sir'i-a. 

Tabriz,  tii-brez'. 

Tacoma,  tii-ko'ma. 

Tagus,  ta'gus. 

Tahoe,  til-lio'. 

Tahlequah,  ta'le-kwa. 

Tallahassee,  tal-a-has'e. 

Tampa,  tam'pa. 

Tampico,  tiim-pe'ko. 

Tananarivo,  ta-nii'na-re-vo. 

Tanganyika,  tiin-gan-ye'ka. 

Tarim,  tii-rem'. 

Taslikend,  tiish-keud'. 

Tasmania,  taz-ma'ni-a. 

Taunton,  tiin'tyn. 

Taurus,  ta'rus. 

Tchad, chad. 

Teheran,  te.-hran'. 

Tehuantepec,  til-wan-ta-pek'. 

Tennessee,  ten-n^s-se'. 

Terre  Haute,  ter-e.-hot'. 

Thames,  temz. 

Tliian  Shan,  tc-iin'  sliiin. 

Tiber,  ti 'ber. 

Tibet,  ti-hef  or  tTb'St. 

Tientsin,  te-en'tsen. 

Tierra    <lel     Fuego,    te-Sr'rS-del- 

fwa'go. 
Tjflis,  tTNes'. 
Tigris,  ti'gris. 
Timbuktu.  tTm-book'tob. 
Titicaca,  tit-e-k:i'ka. 
Tucantins,  to-kiin-tens  . 

Tokyo,  tr.ke-n. 

Toledo.  tn-le'd<". 
Tombigbee,  tom-big'be. 

Tonga,  tonga. 


Topeka.  to-pe  ka. 
Toronto,  to-ron  to. 
Torrens,  tor  renz. 
Toulon,  tOo'loN. 

Toulouse,  tob'looz'. 
Transvaal,  trans-val'. 
Traverse,  trav'ers. 
Trieste,  tre-est'. 
Trinidad,  trin 'i-dad'. 
Tripoli,  trip'y-li. 
Tucson,  tu-son'. 
Tulare,  too-la're. 
Tunis,  tu'nis. 
Turin,  tu'rin. 
Turkestan,  tobr-kls-tan'. 

Ucayale,  ob-kl-a'la. 
Uinta,  u-in'ta. 
LTjiji,  oo-je'je. 
Ural,  u  ral. 
Uruguay,  oo-roo-gwi'. 
Utah,  u  ta  or  u'ta. 
Utica,  u'ti-ka. 

Valdai,  val'dl. 

Valencia,  va-len'shi-a. 

Valparaiso,  val-pa-ri  so. 

Vancouver,  van-kob  ver. 

Vega,  ve'ga. 

Venezuela,  ven-e-zwe'la. 

Venice,  ven'is. 

Vera  Cruz,  va  ra  krobs'. 

Verde,  v&rd. 

Vermont,  ver-m5nt'. 

Vesuvius,  ve-su  vi-us. 

Vienna,  ve-§n'a. 

Vincennes,  vin-senz', 

Virginia,  ver-jin  i-a. 

Vistula,  vis  tii-la. 

Viti  Levn.  ve'te  la'vob. 

Vladivostok,  vla-de-vos-tok'. 

Volga,  vSl'ga. 

Vosges,  vozh. 

Wabash,  wa'baslu 
Wachusett,  wa-chu  se,t. 
Waco,  wa'ko. 
Warsaw,  war'sa. 
Wasatch,  wa'sach. 
Waterloo,  wa-tt;r-loo'. 
Welland,  wel  and. 
Wellington,  wel  ing-tgn. 
Wenner,  va'n^r. 
Wetter,  vfet'ter. 
Wichita,  wich  i-ta. 
Wilkesbarre,  wilks'bar-i. 
Willamette,  wil-ii'mBt. 
^^  ilmington,  wil  ming-ton. 
^A  innepesa»ikee,  win-e-pg-sake 
\Ainnipeg,  win  i-p5g- 
Winona,  wi-no'na. 
Winooski.  wi-nons'ki. 
Wisconsin,  wis-kon'sin. 
Woonsooket,  wiTtm-snk'§t. 
A\"orcester,  vobs'ter. 
Wyoming,  wl-o  niing. 

Yablonoi,  yii-blo-noi'. 
Yakima,  yak'i-ma. 
Yakutsk,  ya-ko<»tsk'. 
Yangtze,  yang  1/e. 
Yarkhand.  yjir-kiind'. 
Yazoo,  yii-zoo'. 
Yenisei,  yen-5-sa'e. 
YeSSO,  yes  so. 
Yokohama,  yo-ko-ha'raa. 
Youkei-s,  yonk'ci*s. 
Yosemite.  >^T>-sPm'i-te. 
Yucatan,  yoo-kii-tan'. 
Yukon,  yoo'kSn. 

Zambezi,  ziim-ha'ze. 
Zanzibar,  ziin  zi-biir. 
Zulu  land.  ztTii'hTTMand. 
Zurich,  tsii  rik. 
Zuider  Zee,  zoi  dfiT  za'. 


SPECIAL    SUPPLEMENT. 


Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Hawaii,  Philippines, 
Guam. 

The  West  Indies  are  a  long  chain  of  islands 
separating   the  Atlantic  ocean  from  the  gulf  of 


Morro  Castle ;    Entrance  to  Havana  Harbor 

Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  sea.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  these  islands  are  Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Rico 
and  Jamaica ;  the  latter  belongs  to  Great  Britain ; 
Haiti  contains  two  small  republics.  The  island 
of  Porto  Rico  was  ceded  to  the  United  States 
at  the  close  of  the  recent  war  with  Spain.  Cuba  is 
a  republic  under  the  protection  of  the  United  States. 

Cuba.  Cuba,  the  "  Queen  of  the  Antilles,"  is 
the  largest  island  of  the  West  Indies. 
Its  length  is  about  750  miles ;  its 
area  is  43,000  miles  —  almost  as 
large  as  Pennsylvania,  or  nearly 
nine  times  as  large  as  Connecticut. 

Cuba  may  be  roughly  divided  into 
three  regions  —  mountainous  in  the 
east,  hilly  in  the  middle,  level  in  the 
west.  There  are  many  fertile  valleys 
along  the  coasts  and  among  the  hills. 
Broad  fields  occupy  the  greater  part 
of  southwest  Cuba  and  afford  the 
best  farming  lands.  The  rivers  of 
Cuba  are  numerous  but  small. 

The  coast  of  this  island  is  fringed  with  coral 
reefs,  rocks  and  bars ;  but  there  are  also  many 
fine  harbors.     Among  these  is  Havana  harbor. 

Cuba  is  in  the  hot  belt  and  has  a  rainy  season 
during  the  hottest  part  of   the  year.     The  low- 

Copyright,   1899,  by  Alexis   Everett   Frye. 


lands  are  then  unhealthful ;  but  the  uplands  have 
a  better  climate.  "  Winter,"  or  the  dry  season, 
is  the  pleasant  part  of  the  year. 

Tropical  plant  life  thrives  in  the  island  and 
runs  wild  over  most  of  the  highlands.  The  hill 
slopes  produce  coffee ;  sugar  and  tobacco  abound 
in  the  valleys  and  plains.  Fruits  grow  in  abun- 
dance in  all  parts  of  the  island. 

There  are  few  large  animals 
in  Cuba,  except  the  domestic 
kinds;  but  birds  are  plenti- 
ful, and  fish  and  turtles  are 
caught  in  great  numbers. 

The  early  explorers  found 
in    Cuba    about    a    million 
peaceful  Indians  ;  but  under 
Spanish    rule    the  red    race 
there  died  out.  Many  African 
Negroes  were  taken  to  Cuba 
as  slaves.     They  are  now  free  and  form  fully  one 
third  of  the  population,  which  in  1899  numbered 
1,572,797.      The    other    two    thirds    include   the 
white  people,  the  mixed  races,  and  several  thou- 
sand coolies,  or  laborers  from  China  and  the  East 
Indies. 

Havana  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  It  con- 
tains one  sixth  of  the  people  of  the  island.     This 


Entrance  to  Santiago  Harbor. 

is  also  the  railroad  center  and  chief  port.  The 
principal  exports  are  cane  sugar  and  tobacco. 
Most  of  the  exports  go  to  the  United  States. 

Santiago   is    the    second   largest   city  in   Cuba 
and  is  the  leading  port  of  the  eastern  province. 


SPECIAL    SUPPLEMENT,  -  PORTO    RICO. 


There    are    several    other    large    ports    on    fine 
harbors. 

Porto  Rico.     Porto  Rico1  has  in  general  the 
shape  of  a  rectangle.     It  is  about  100  miles  long 


Cutting  Sugar  Cane,  Porto  Rico. 

and    36   miles  broad,   with  an   area   about  three 
fourths  as  great  as  Connecticut. 

The  inland  regions  are  mostly  hilly,  with  wooded 
ridges  running  east  and  west,  sending  small  rivers 
to  the  seacoast  on  all  sides.  A  broad  belt  of  coastal 
lands  consists  of  level  tracts  broken 
here  and  there  by  uneven  ridgy 
areas. 

Porto  Rico,  like  Cuba,  is  in  the 
hot  belt  and  has  the  same  wet  and 
dry  seasons ;  but  the  former  is 
noted  for  its  healthful  climate  in 
contrast  with  other  islands  of  the 
West  Indies.  The  river  valleys 
and  coast  plains  are  very  fertile 
and  contain  most  of  the  cities  and 
towns.  By  far  the  most  valuable 
product  is  coffee,  which  thrives 
on  the  hillsides.  Next  in  value 
is  sugar;  molasses  and  tobacco  are 
valuable  exports. 

The  small  island  of  Porto  Rico  contains  more 

1  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  has  approved  a  treaty 
for  the  purchase  of  St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix  and  St.  Johns 
from  Denmark.  These  islands  are  east  of  Porto  Rico. 
Sugar  is  the  chief  crop. 


than  half  as  many  people  as  Cuba.  This  fact 
shows  that  the  former  island  is  the  better  culti- 
vated. The  total  is  953,243  people ;  more  than 
one  third  of  these  are  Negroes,  mostly  descendants 
of  former  slaves. 

San  Juan  is  the  capital 
and  chief  city,  though  not 
the  largest.  It  is  built  on 
a  fine  harbor  on  the  north 
coast.  A  military  road  has 
been  built  from  San  Juan 
to  Ponce,  a  port  on  the 
south  coast. 

Hawaii.  Far  out  in  the 
Pacific,  in  about  the  same 
latitude  as  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico,  lie  the  islands  of  the 
Hawaiian  group.  There  are 
eight  principal  islands  and 
many  rocky  islets.  The  total  area  is  about  6449 
square  miles.  The  whole  group  is  often  called 
Hawaii,  and  there  is  also  one  lai'ge  island  of  the 
same  name. 

The  islands  are  of  volcanic  origin  and  are  built 


Government  Building,  Honolulu. 

up  from  the  bottom  of  the  deep  sea.  On  the 
island  of  Hawaii  rise  two  of  the  highest  peaks 
in  all  the  Pacific  isles  —  the  volcanoes  of  Mauna 
Kea  and  Mauna  Loa.  The  latter  is  active,  and 
on  its  east  slope  is  also  the  huge,  active  crater  of 


SPECIAL,    SUPPLEMENT,  —  HAWAII. 


Kilauea,  world-famed  for  its  size  and  for  its  lake 
of  molten  lava. 

Though  most  parts  of  the  islands  are  rugged 

with  cones,  ridges  and 

other  forms  of  lava 

flows,    there    are 

also  many  open 

valleys  of  great 

fertility.    The 

rich     soil     is 

well    watered. 

Tropical    fruits 

abound.     Sugar 

and  rice  are  the 

chief  exports. 
The     natives 

of  Hawaii  are  a  peaceable  and 

happy  race.     In   features  they 

are  like  the  brown  people  of 
whom  we  have  read,  but  are  more  intelligent  than 
any  other  natives  of  Pacific  islands.  They  belong 
to  the   same  race   as   the   Filipinos.      There   are 


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Native  Glils,  Hawaii 


Shrimp  Fisher, 
Hawaii. 


now  154,000  people  in  the  islands,  but  only  about 
one  sixth  are  brown  natives.  The  others  belong 
to  the  white  and  the  yellow  races  —  the  latter 
being  from  Japan  and  China.  There  are 
more  than  twice  as  many  yellow  people 
as  white. 
Various  chiefs,  kings  and  queens 
ruled  Hawaii  until  July  4,  1894, 
when  the  white  people  of  the 
islands  took  charge  of  the  is- 
lands. In  1898  they  were  an- 
nexed to  the  United  States. 

Honolulu  is  the  capital  and  chief 
port.  It  is  on  a  fine  harbor  of  the 
island  of  Oahu.  This  city  has 
good  schools,  beautiful  public  build- 
ings and  homes,  as  well  as  electric  lights  and 
tramways.  Steamers  run  from  this  port  to  San 
Francisco  and  to  ports  of  the  Old  World. 

Philippines.  At  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Spain,  a  large  group  of  islands,  known  as  the 
Philippines,  came  under  the  care  of  our  country. 


C.Kawalhoa 

'KAULA 


Kaena  Pt'  .  ... , 
rO 
W&iunoe 

Pear\ 
Barbers  Pt 


o 


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B^WjUXA^T  ISLANDS 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


10     20     30     40     60    00     70    80     90    100 


Longitude 


Hawaiian   Islands. 


SPECIAL    SUPPLEMENT,  —  PHILIPPINES. 


They  are  southeast  of  Asia  and  have  a  climate  like 
that  of  the  West  Indies.  The  islands  are  largely 
huilt  of  volcanic  rock  and  contain  active  craters. 
The  highlands  extend  chiefly  north  and 
south.  There  are  many  valleys,  slopes  and 
plains  with  very  rich  soil.  Lakes,  rivers 
and  small  streams  abound. 

There  are  eleven  large  islands  and  several 
hundred  smaller  ones  in  the  group.  Luzon 
is  the  largest,  with  an  area  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  New  York.    Mindanao  is  next  in  size. 

With  plenty  of  heat  and  moisture,  the 
islands  are  covered  with  many  forms  of 
plant  life.  Trees  of  various  kinds  yield 
dyes,  gums  and  cabinet  woods.  Cocoanut 
palms  and  bamboo  thrive  there.  Tobacco 
and  sugar  are  leading  products;  but  the 
staples  for  which  the  islands  have  long 
been  noted  are  fine  tobacco  and  Manila 
hemp,  the  latter  being  a  fiber  used  for 
making  rope  and  twine.  It  is  not  true 
hemp,  but  is  the  fiber  of  a  kind  of  banana 
plant.  Large  crops  of  rice  furnish  food  for 
many  people.  Fruits  grow  wild  all  over 
the  islands. 

The  Philippines  have  few  kinds  of  large,  wild 
animals.  The  buffalo,  not  the  bison  of  our  coun- 
try, is  found  in  both  the  wild  and  the  tame  state. 


The  earliest  people  in  the  Philippines  may  have 
been  the  Negritos  —  a  dwarfish  black  race  now 
found   in    the   mountains  of   Luzon  and   Negros 


Street  Scene  In  Manila. 

The  tame  buffalo  is  the  most  useful  beast  of  bur- 
den in  the  islands.  It  is  used  to  draw  rude  j>lows 
and  carts,  as  well  as  to  carry  loads  on  its  back. 
Sheep  and  goats  are  reared.  Monkeys,  huge  bats, 
birds,  snakes  and  insects  abound. 


Philippine  Natives  (or  Filipinos)  and  Buffalo. 

islands.  They  were  long  ago  hunted  from  the 
lowlands  by  stronger  people  of  the  brown  race, 
and  now  wander  over  the  ranges  and  through  the 
forests,  without  fixed  homes,  eating  wild  fruits 
and  sleeping  wherever  they  may  be  when  dark- 
ness comes  on. 

There  are  eight  or  nine  million  natives  in  the 
islands,  and  nearly  all  belong  to  the  brown  race. 
Most  of  them  are  peaceable  and  kind. 

The  brown  people  of  the  towns  and  cities  are 
bright  and  intelligent ;  but  the  forest  and  moun- 
tain tribes  are  "simple  children  of  nature."  On 
many  of  the  islands  the  natives  are  little  known, 
and  some  of  them  are  savages. 

Many  of  the  tribes  of  the  interior  live  on  wild 
fruits  and  game,  with  little  thought  of  tilling  the 
soil.  The  lance,  bow  and  arrows  are  native 
weapons.  During  the  dry  season  entire  tribes 
wander  through  the  forests,  sleeping  in  the  open 
air;  others  make  rude  huts;  still  others  settle  in 
villages  and  make  huts  of  bamboo,  palm  or  rattan. 


6 


SPECIAL,    SUPPLEMENT,  —  PHILIPPINES. 


Many  Chinese  have  settled  in 
the  larger  towns  and  cities. 
They  are  thrifty  and  carry  on 
most  of  the  local  trade  and  bank- 
ing. A  few  thousand  Spanish 
and  other  people  of  the  white 
race  live  in  the  large  cities. 

Manila  is  the  capital  and 
largest  city.  It  is  on  a  fine  bay 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Pasig  river, 
and  carries  on  the  greater  part 
of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  is- 
lands. The  second  port  in  im- 
portance is  Iloilo,  on  the  island 
of  Panay. 

Guam.  Almost  due  east  of 
Manila,  about  1600  miles  out  in 
the  Pacific,  rises  the  island  of 
Guam.  It  is  one  of  a  group 
called  the  Ladrones,  or  thieves' 
islands.  The  climate  and  prod- 
ucts resemble  those  of  Hawaii. 
Guam  is  only  30  miles  long 
(see  inset  on  map) ;  its  chief 
town  is  Agana.  There  are 
about  9000  people  on  the  island, 
and  one  half  of  them  are  in 
this  town.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  with  Spain,  Guam  was 
ceded  to  the  United  States.  It 
will  be  used  as  a  coaling  station 
and  base  of  supplies  for  ships  of 
our  navy. 

Pronouncing  Word  List. 

Key:  ale,  at,  arm,  finnl;  eve,  2nd;  Ice, 
111 ;  Old,  on ;  use,  up ;  food  ;  ch  as  in  chop ; 
g  as  in  go ;  th  as  in  thin  ;  ow  as  in  cow. 


QaXinlanOpChunnel 


PHILIPPINE 

ISLANDS  C.BoJeador 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


COMPARATIVE  AREA 


Greenwich        123 


Agana,  a-gan'yii. 
Aguadilla,  a-gwa-de'ya. 
Antilles,  an-nl'lez. 
Arecibo,  a-ra-se'bo. 
Balanga,  biHiing'ga. 
Baraooa,  ba-ra-ko'ii. 
Batabano,  ba-ta-ba-ncV. 
Bayamon,  ba-ya-mOn'. 
Bohol,  bo1 -81'. 
Bulacan,  boS-la-kan'. 
Caimanera,  kl-ma-nii'ra. 
Cardenas,  kiir'da-nas. 
Cavite,  ka-vG'ta. 
Cebu,  se-boo'. 
Cienfuegos,  se-Sn-fwil'gos. 
Corrientes,  kor-re-Cu'tes. 


Guam,  gwam. 

Guanabacoa,  gwa-na-ba-co'a. 

Guantanamo,  gwitn-ta'na-mo. 

Guayama,  gwl-a'ma. 

Hawaii,  hii-wi'e. 

Hilo,  he'lo. 

Holguin,  ol-gPn'. 

Iloilo,  6-10-618. 

Isla  do  Pinos,  Os'lii  da  pe'nos. 

Isla  de  Vieques,  es'lii  da 

v0-a'kas. 
Jolo,  hd-lo'. 

Kahoolawe,  ka-hu-O-la'va. 
Kauai,  kow-I'e. 
Kilauea,  ke-low-a'a. 
Ladrones,  la-dron'as. 


Lanai,  lii-na'S. 
Leyte,  la'6-ta. 
Luzon,  loo-son'. 
Maestra,  ma-as'tra. 
Masbate,  inas-ha'ta. 
Matanzas,  ma-tan'sas. 
Maui,  uiow'e. 
Mauna  Kea,  mow'nii  kil'a. 
Mauna  Loa,  mow'nii  lo'a. 
May  ague  z,  ml-a-gwfs'. 
Mindanao,  men-da-na'O. 
Mindoro,  men-do'ro. 
Molokai,  mo-lo-ki'. 
Negrito,  ne-gri'to. 
Negros,  na'gros. 
Niihau,  ne-bow'. 


Nuevitas,  nwa-ve'tas. 

Oabu,  o-a'hoo. 

Pago,  pa'go. 

Palawan,  pa-la  wan. 

Pampanga,  pam-pan'ga. 

Panay,  pa-ni'. 

Pasig,  pa-seg'. 

Philippine,  fHTp-In. 

Final  del  Kio,  pe-nar'dfl  rS'o. 

Ponce,  pon'sa. 

Porto  Rico,  pPr'to  re'kO. 

Samar,  sa-niar'. 

San  German,  san  her-miin'. 

San  Juan,  san  hOo-im'. 

Santiago,  siin-te-a'go. 

Sulu,  soo-loo'. 


